Page 96 - Oceans

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A page number in bold boundary currents 49 cruise liners 83 fisheries 51, 61, 88, 91 hybrid ROV 15
refers to the main entry Brazil Current 49 crustaceans 56, 59, 71, 92 fish farms 78 hydrogen sulfide 72
for that subject. bulk carriers 82 current 92 fishfinders 79 hydrothermal vents 21,
cyclones 42–43, 92
fishing 78–79
burrowing clams 60, 63
72–73, 75, 92
a bycatch 80–81, 92 D fishing restrictions 61 i
fish shoals 61, 80
11
abyssal plains 12, 16, 30–31, C FitzRoy, Captain Robert
92 Darwin, Charles 11–12, 90 fjords 32 icebergs 11, 30, 39
Africa 82 California Current 48–49 dead zone 85, 91 flatfish 60 icebreakers 38
Agulhas Current 48 calm zones 41 deep-ocean exploration 14–15 Florida 77 Iceland 23
airborne dust 31 Canada 64, 91 deep-ocean predators 71 flying fish 69 ice worms 73
airflow 40 Cape Verde Islands 31 deep-sea drilling 13 forams 56 Indian Ocean 9–10, 16, 23, 26–
air mass 42 carbon dioxide emissions 89 deep-sea fan 30 fossil fuels 89, 92 27, 50, 53, 82–83, 90–91
Alaska 27, 91 cargo ships 77, 82 deep-water animals 70–71 France 9 Indonesia 27, 51, 85
Alaskan Earthquake of 1964 Caribbean Sea 36 deep-water circulation 53 frazil ice 38 Indonesian Spice Islands 10
27 catch quotas 88 deep-water currents 52–53 frigate birds 67, 69 insulation 8
albatross 80–81, 88 caves 28 deep-water submersibles frozen methane 75, 87 intertidal region 62–63, 92
Albatross 90 cenotes 33 14–15 full Moon 46 invertebrate 92
Aleutian island arc 24 chalk 31 Deep Flight I 15 iridescent comb jellies 56
algae 92 chemosynthesis 72–73, 92 Deep Flight II 15 island arcs 24, 92
Alvin 14–15, 91 Chikyu 13 deep oceans 68–69 g
amphipods 71 Chile 78 delta 92
Amundsen, Roald 90 China 79 Denmark 76 Galápagos 23 Jk
anchovies 56 chlorophyll 54, 92 depression 42, 92 garden eels 58
Andes 24 circulating cells 40 desalinated water 74 genetic variety 80 Japan Trench 24–25
angler fish 71 clams 58, 73 diamonds 74–75 giant clams 67 Java Trench 26
Antarctica 30, 38–40, 45, 48, Clatsop Spit 29 diatoms 31, 55–56 giant tubeworms 73 jellyfish 53, 56, 58
52, 65, 83, 86, 90–91 cliffs 28, 63 dinoflagellates 55–56 glaciers 30, 92 kelp forests 55, 61
Antarctic Bottom Water 52 climate change 75, 86–89, divergent boundary 19, 92 glacier valleys 32 Kilauea 22
Antarctic Circumpolar Current 91–92 divers 14–15 global conveyor 53, 92 killer whale 57
48 clouds 40, 42–43 diving bells 14 Global Explorer 15
Antarctic ecosystem 56 coal power 76 DNA 9, 92 global fish catch 80 Krakatau volcano 90
krill 56, 64, 92
Antarctic Peninsula 41 coastal destruction 85 doldrums 41 global warming Kuroshio Current 48–49
Arabian coast 50 coastal development 84, 89 dolphins 57, 59, 68, 80–81, 88 see climate change Kuwait 74
arches 28 coastal downwelling 49 dominant environment 8 glowing animals 70–71
Arctic 86 coastal erosion 28–29 downwelling zones 49, 92 Grand Banks 81
Arctic Ocean 9, 11, 20, 38–39, coastal resorts 83 dredging 12 granite 18, 92 l
41, 48, 52, 64–65, 90 coastal seas 16–17 drifting floes 38 Great Barrier Reef 90
Arctic walruses 64 coastal waters 61 great white shark 15, 83
arrow worms 57 cobalt 75 e greenhouse effect lagoons 66–67, 92
Asian monsoon 50 coccolithophores 55 see climate change lateral line 59
Asian Tsunami of 2004 26–27, coccoliths 32, 92 Greenland 64, 86 lava 92
91 cod 60, 81 early warning system 27 green turtles 67 leads 64
Atlantic Ocean 9–10, 13, 20, Columbus, Christopher 10, Earth Gulf of Mexico 85, 90–91 leopard seal 57
24, 31, 49, 53, 78, 82, 87, 90 core 18–19, 34 Gulf Stream 48–49, 53, 77, lichen 62
90–91 comets 35 crust 18–19, 26, 33 87, 90–91 light zones 37
atmospheric pressure 37, commercial fishing 78–81 earthquakes 19, 25–26 gulper eel 15, 70 limestone 31–32
42, 92 COMRA 15 Easter Island 23 Guyot, Henry 23 limpets 62
atolls 12, 66–67, 92 conservation 61 East Pacific Rise 21, 91 guyots 23 lobsters 59–60
auks 60 containers 82 echo-sounding 17, 92 gyres 48, 92 local tides 47
Australia 51, 83 container ships 82 ecosystems 66 longlines 78, 88, 92
longshore drift 29, 92
ecotourism 89
B continental drift 19 Ekman spiral 48–49, 92 H m
continental boundary 24
Ekman, Vagn Walfrid 48
continental shelf 16, 18, 28,
electricity 76–77
30, 33, 60–61, 74, 92
bacteria 72–73, 92 continental slope 30, 92 El Niño 50–51, 91–92 Hadley cell 40, 90
hagfish 71
Endeavour 90
Bahamas 77 continents 18–19, 30 Endurance 38, 90 harp seals 65 Magellan, Ferdinand 10, 90
baitballs 69 convergent boundary 19, 92 equator 36, 40–42, 48 Harrison, John 11, 90 magma 20, 24, 92
Bangladesh 86, 91 Cook, Captain James 11–12, equatorial currents 49 hatchetfish 70 Maldives 23, 83
banks 28 90 erosion 28, 92 Hawaii 22, 27, 45 manganese 75
barnacles 58, 62 Copacabana Beach 29 evaporation 40 He, Zheng 10, 90 mangroves 63, 85, 93
barrier reef 67, 92 copepods 56, 70 explorers 10–11 heavy metal poisoning 84 manta rays 68
basalt 18, 92 coral bleaching 87 Exxon Valdez 91 Heezen, Bruce 17, 91 mantle 18–20, 24, 93
basalt lava 20–23 coral limestone plateaus 33 Heezen–Tharp map see mantle plumes 22, 93
bathyscaphe 14 coral reefs 12, 66–67, 85, ocean-floor map Mariana Trench 24
Bay of Fundy, Canada 47 91–92 F herring 56 mariculture 78–79
beaches 28–29, 63 Coriolis effect 40, 90 HMS Beagle 11–12, 90 marine bacteria 54
Beaufort, Admiral Francis 90 cormorants 60 HMS Challenger 12 marine conservation 88–89
bedrock 92 crabeater seals 56 factory ships 78 HMS Erebus 11 marine ecosystems 88
Benguela Current 48–49 crab larvae 56 Falklands Current 49 HMS Terror 11 marine food web 56–57, 92
biogenic ooze 30–32, 92 crabs 59–60, 67 fangtooth 71 holothurian 71 marine iguanas 23
bird-scarers 88 crayfish 60 Far East 79 hotspots 22–23, 91–92 marine magnetometer 91
black smoker 92 crests 26 Ferrel cell 40 human population 80 marine pollution 89
blind white crabs 73 Cretaceous Period 32 filter-feeders 57 Humboldt Current 48 marine reserves 88
blue marlin 69 crocodiles 63 first around-the-world humpback whale 50, 68 marine worms 58
blue whale 57, 81 crown-of-thorns starfish 67 voyage 10 hurricanes 42–43, 87 maritime climate 41, 93