Page 1865 - Hall et al (2015) Principles of Critical Care-McGraw-Hill
P. 1865
8 References
272. Callaham M, Kassel D. Epidemiology of fatal tricyclic antide- gamma-hydroxybutyrate in normal young Men. J Clin Invest.
pressant ingestion: implications for management. Ann Emerg 1997;100:745-753.
Med. 1985;14:1-9. 292. Lammers GJ, Arends J, Declerck AC, et al. Gammahydroxy-
273. Pentel P, Peterson CD. Asystole complicating physostigmine butyrate and narcolepsy: a double-blind placebo-controlled
treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Ann Emerg Med. study. Sleep. 1993;16:216-220.
1980;9:588-590. 293. Dyer JE, Roth B, Hyma BA. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate with-
274. Woolf AD, Erdman AR, Nelson LS, et al. Tricyclic antidepres- drawal syndrome. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;37:147-153.
sant poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out- 294. Davis LG. Fatalities attributed to GHB and related compounds.
of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007;45:203-233. South Med J. 1999;92:1037.
275. McDuffee AT, Tobias JD. Seizure after flumazenil administra- 295. Chin RL, Sporer KA, Cullison B, et al. Clinical course of gamma-
tion in a pediatric patient. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1995;11:186-187. hydroxybutyrate overdose. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31:716-722.
276. Tran TP, Panacek EA, Rhee KJ, et al. Response to dopamine vs 296. Munir VL, Hutton JE, Harney JP, et al. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate:
norepinephrine in tricyclic antidepressant-induced hypoten- a 30 month emergency department review. Emerg Med Australas.
sion. Acad Emerg Med. 1997;4:864-868. 2008;20:521-530.
277. Engels PT, Davidow JS. Intravenous fat emulsion to reverse hae- 297. Yates SW, Viera AJ. Physostigmine in the treatment of gamma-
modynamic instability from intentional amitriptyline overdose. hydroxybutyric acid overdose. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75:401-
Resuscitation. 2010;81:1037-1039. 402.
278. Lindenbaum J, Rund DG, Butler VP Jr, et al. Inactivation of 298. Bania TC, Chu J. Physostigmine does not effect arousal but
digoxin by the gut flora: reversal by antibiotic therapy. N Engl J produces toxicity in an animal model of severe gamma-
Med. 1981;305:789-794. hydroxybutyrate intoxication. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:185-189.
279. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths associated 299. Traub SJ, Nelson LS, Hoffman RS. Physostigmine as a treatment
with a purported aphrodisiac—New York City, February 1993- for gamma-hydroxybutyrate toxicity: a review. J Toxicol Clin
May 1995. JAMA. 1995;274:1828-1829. Toxicol. 2002;40:781-787.
280. Lewis RP. Clinical use of serum digoxin concentrations. Am J 300. Zvosec DL, Smith SW, Litonjua R, et al. Physostigmine for
Cardiol. 1992;69:97G-106G; discussion G-7G. gamma-hydroxybutyrate coma: inefficacy, adverse events, and
281. Smith TW. Digitalis toxicity: epidemiology and clinical use of review. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007;45:261-265.
serum concentration measurements. Am J Med. 1975;58:470-476. 301. ElSohly MA, Salamone SJ. Prevalence of drugs used in cases of
282. Adams KF Jr, Gheorghiade M, Uretsky BF, et al. Clinical ben- alleged sexual assault. J Anal Toxicol. 1999;23:141-146.
efits of low serum digoxin concentrations in heart failure. J Am 302. LeBeau MA, Montgomery MA, Miller ML, et al. Analysis of
Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:946-953. biofluids for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and gamma-
283. Antman EM, Wenger TL, Butler VP Jr, et al. Treatment of 150 butyrolactone (GBL) by headspace GC-FID and GC-MS. J Anal
cases of life-threatening digitalis intoxication with digoxin- Toxicol. 2000;24:421-428.
specific Fab antibody fragments. Final report of a multicenter 303. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and man-
study. Circulation. 1990;81:1744-1752. agement of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med. 1994;97:
284. Lapostolle F, Borron SW, Verdier C, et al. Digoxin-specific Fab 383-389.
fragments as single first-line therapy in digitalis poisoning. Crit 304. Grandjean EM, Aubry JM. Lithium: updated human knowledge
Care Med. 2008;36:3014-3018. using an evidence-based approach: part III: clinical safety. CNS
285. Ujhelyi MR, Robert S, Cummings DM, et al. Influence of digoxin Drugs. 2009;23:397-418.
immune Fab therapy and renal dysfunction on the disposition 305. Dawson AH, Whyte IM. Therapeutic drug monitoring in drug
of total and free digoxin. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119:273-277. overdose. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;52(suppl 1):97S-102S.
286. Rabetoy GM, Price CA, Findlay JW, et al. Treatment of 306. Favin FD, Klein-Schwartz W, Oderda GM, et al. In vitro study
digoxin intoxication in a renal failure patient with digoxin- of lithium carbonate adsorption by activated charcoal. J Toxicol
specific antibody fragments and plasmapheresis. Am J Nephrol. Clin Toxicol. 1988;26:443-450.
1990;10:518-521. 307. Linakis JG, Lacouture PG, Eisenberg MS, et al. Administration of
287. Levine M, Nikkanen H, Pallin DJ. The effects of intrave- activated charcoal or sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
nous calcium in patients with digoxin toxicity. J Emerg Med. as gastric decontamination for lithium intoxication: an animal
2011;40(1):41-46. model. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1989;65:387-389.
288. Hack JB, Woody JH, Lewis DE, et al. The effect of calcium chlo- 308. Watling SM, Gehrke JC, Gehrke CW, et al. In vitro binding of
ride in treating hyperkalemia due to acute digoxin toxicity in a lithium using the cation exchange resin sodium polystyrene
porcine model. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42:337-342. sulfonate. Am J Emerg Med. 1995;13:294-296.
289. Tunnicliff G. Sites of action of gamma-hydroxybutyrate 309. Ghannoum M, Lavergne V, Yue CS, et al. Successful treatment
(GHB)—a neuroactive drug with abuse potential. J Toxicol Clin of lithium toxicity with sodium polystyrene sulfonate: a retro-
Toxicol. 1997;35:581-590. spective cohort study. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010;48:34-41.
290. Pardi D, Black J. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate/sodium oxybate: 310. Smith SW, Ling LJ, Halstenson CE. Whole-bowel irrigation
neurobiology, and impact on sleep and wakefulness. CNS Drugs. as a treatment for acute lithium overdose. Ann Emerg Med.
2006;20:993-1018. 1991;20:536-539.
291. Van Cauter E, Plat L, Scharf MB, et al. Simultaneous stimula- 311. Amdisen A. Clinical features and management of lithium poi-
tion of slow-wave sleep and growth hormone secretion by soning. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp. 1988;3:18-32.
Section11-O-Ref.indd 8 12/10/2014 8:08:25 PM

