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The third pillar is perspiration. It takes a lot of hard FS, Adams AA. Microfabricated blood ves-
work to make something happen. sels undergo neoangiogenesis. Biomaterials.
2017;138:142-152.
CONCLUSION 4. Cummins BM, Chinthapatla R, Lenin B, Ligler
Despite her legion honors and accolades, Ligler is FS, Walker GM. Modular pumps as programma-
disarmingly humble, quick to credit others, and more ble hydraulic batteries for microfluidic devices.
than comfortable leading others from behind. She Technology. 2017;5(1): 21-30.
clearly understands that the work takes precedence 5. Bhatia SK, Shriver-Lake LC, Prior KJ, Georger
over ego or any territorialism a researcher might have. JH, Calvert JM, Bredehorst R, Ligler FS. Use
As she notes, “One of the reasons I’m so focused on of thiol-terminal silanes and heterobifunc-
people now is that I realized to get a new technology tional crosslinkers for immobilization of
into the hands of the user in a manufactured phase antibodies on silica surfaces. Anal biochem.
takes ten years if you’re lucky. I don’t know if I have 1989;178(2):408-413.
ten years left, so I’m trying to teach other people how 6. Rowe CA, Tender LM, Feldstein MJ, Golden JP,
to do it.” Through her amazing contributions and Scruggs SB, MacCraith BD, Cras JJ, Ligler FS.
inspiring presence, Ligler is doing just that: teaching Array biosensor for simultaneous identification
those around her about the value of research, the of bacterial, viral, and protein analytes. Anal
necessity to translate technology, and the impera-
tive to bring people and institutions together to spur Chem. 1999;71(17):3846-3852.
innovation and hopefully change the future for the 7. Delehanty JB, Ligler FS. A microarray immuno-
better. assay for simultaneous detection of proteins and
bacteria. Anal Chem. 2002;74(21):5681-5687
FURTHER READING 8. Taitt CR, Anderson GP, Ligler FS. Evanescent
1. The Frances Ligler Story [video]. National wave fluorescence biosensors. Biosens Bioelec-
Inventors Hall of Fame. 2017 May 5, tron. 2016;20(12):2470-2487.
2:57 minutes. https://www.youtube.com/ 9. Ligler FS, Taitt CAR. Optical biosensors: present
watch?v=-LXDx5OOfTE. and future. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 2002.
2. Chen Z, Wang J, Sun W, Archibong E, Kahkoska 10. Ateya DA, Erickson JS, Howell PB Jr, HIlliard
AR, Zhang X, Lu Y, Ligler FS, Buse JB, Gu Z. LR, Golden JP, Ligler FS. The good, the bad, and
Synthetic beta cells for fusion-mediated dynamic the tiny: a review of microflow cytometry. Anal
insulin secretion. Nat Chem Biol. 2017. https:// Bioanal Chem. 2008;391(5): 1485-1498.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29083418. doi: 11. Ligler FS. Perspective on optical biosensors
10.1038/nchembio. 2511. and integrated sensor systems. Anal Chem.
3. DiVito KA, Daniele MA, Roberts SA, Ligler 2009;81(2):519-526.