Page 245 - 9 teachers social book 9 @ 2077 ctp_Neat

Written Sources Oral Source Archaeological Source
Biographies, diaries, reports, records Folk song, Folk Paintings, Sculpture
Chronicles, Genealogy lore, Myths, architectures and all form
Manuscripts, Inscription, Tadpatra, Legends of art
Bhojpatra Stories, Proverbs, Caves, forts, ponds,
Maps, Books, Epics, Golden or Copper Saying Fossils or ruins
Plates. Journals Preaching, Cultivated lands
Coins, Medals, Awards, Decoration, Teaching counsels Graveyard, Burial ground.
Tokens Jewelleries, Handicrafts,
Travelogue of foreigners costumes
Internet, Newspapers, Magazines Utensils, weapons, bricks
On the basis of nature the sources of history are described below:
1. Inscription

An inscription is the written form found on stone, wood, metal (copper, bronze,
gold, etc.). These are the historical facts through which the information can be shared.
2. Chronicals
It is an account of events presented in order of time. It is a source of history
in which the name of the rulers, dynasties, religions and social activities, dates and
festivals, etc. are mentioned.
3. Coins

It is also the source of history. Name of the rulers, dynasties, ruling period,
dates, social and economic condition can be identified through the minted coin.
Different types of coins are found in different periods like mud, hide, copper, silver,
gold, etc.
4. Art and Artifacts

The sources of history are the facts available and written in the temples, building
forts, stupas, vihars, etc.
5. Religious Scriptures

The religious sources are the knowledge about the provision of justice, beginning
of tradition and culture, system, etc. The examples are Hindu religious scriptures,
Buddhist scriptures, etc. To know about the ancient history, religious history can be
the major sources.
6. Travelogue or Travellers Diary

Foreign travelers used to visit Nepal from time to time. They used to write their
experiences, memories and detailed information about Nepal. Kautilya, the economist,
master (Guru) of Samundra Gupta mentioned about the economy of Nepal in his book
"Arthashastra". Huang Tshan, a Chinese traveller, also wrote about Nepal's economy,
art and culture in his traveller’s diary. Similarly, some Europeans who visited Nepal
such as Father Dorvil, Father Grover, Kirkpatrik also wrote about Nepal which are
the important sources of Nepal’s history.
7. Government Documents Newspapers and Speeches
Muluki Ain, the first written code of law proclaimed by Junga Bahadur Rana in

245 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX