Page 51 - History of The Quranic Text | Kalamullah.Com

EARLY HISTORY OF ISLAM: A BRIEF LOOK 31

arrival, in the third Islamic calendar month of Rabf' I, the streets resonating
with excitement and poetry. With the incessant persecution lifted he set
to workimmediately,building a simple mosque that was neverthelessspacious
enough to accommodate students, guests and worshippers for the daily
and Friday prayers. Before long a constitution was drafted, outlining the
responsibilities of the emigrants from Makkah and the inhabitants of Madinah
towards each other, and towards the new Islamic state; and the Jews, their
position and their responsibility towards the community and the state.
This was, in fact, the first written constitution in the history of the world. 71
Madinah was composed partly of some Jewish tribes, and to a much
larger extent of two Arab tribes, the Aus and Khazraj. Both tribes were
linked to each other through blood-ties but were constantly at odds,
occasionally taking up arms. The Jews regularly shifted their allegiance
from one faction to the other, further exacerbating the situation. The
Prophet's arrival in Madinah heralded the entry of the new religion into
nearly every house of the Aus and Khazraj, such that a new politicalsituation
became apparent; with the drafting of the constitution the Prophet became
the supreme authority and leader of all the Muslims, as well as theJews.
Those who were not favourably inclined towards the Prophet deemed it
unwise to oppose him openly, and for them two-facedness soon became
a daily routine. These hypocrites (~L:lI) attempted to harm the Prophet
and hisfollowers through diversemeans, with a zeal that continued unabated
throughout most of his life.
The clear enmity between the Muslims and Arabia's polytheists, in addition
to the neighbouringJews and their wayward allegiances, resulted over the
years in several ghazawat (battles) and a few more modest raids. The most
prominent battles were: Battle of Badr, Ramadan, 2 A.H. 72; Battle of Uhud,
Shawwal, 3 A.H.; Battle of the Ditch (J~\), Shawwal, 5 A.H.; Battle of Bani
Quraiza, 5 A.H.; Battle of Khaibar, RabI' I, 7 A.H.; Battle of Mu'ta.jumad I,
8 A.H.; Conquest of Makkah, Ramadan, 8 A.H.; Hunain and Ta'if Shawwal,
8 A.H.; The Year of Deputations'"; and Tabuk, Rajab, 9 A.H.

71 M. Hamidullah, TheFirst Written Constitution in the WOrld, Lahore, 1975.
72 A.H. (After Hijra) is the Muslim lunar calendar. Initiated during the reign of the
2nd caliph, 'Umar (and most likely earlier), it begins with the Prophet's migration to
Madinah (the Hijra).
73 Though not a battle, I have included this because it signifies pagan Arabia's growing
warmth and receptiveness towards Islam. Gharua (OJ)') means to expend energy in
the spread of Islam, and the Year of Deputations is a lovely example of Arab tribes
coming to the Prophet, sans compulsion, and contributing to the spread of the religion
by embracing it voluntarily.