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Glossary
Apartheid Guillotine Senate
A government program separating A machine used heavily in the A small group of law-makers, most
black and white people in South Africa French Revolution from 1789–99 notably the state council of the
during 1948–94. for execution, consisting of a weighty ancient Roman empire.
blade that slices a person’s head off
Arab Spring when dropped from a height. Siege
The series of independent pro- Military action taken to surround and
democracy rebellions that took place Internet attack a city or fortified structure in an
across the Middle East and North A global system of computer networks effort to gain control of it.
Africa in 2010 and 2011. allowing millions of people to share
words, images, sounds, and videos. Silk Road
Atomic bomb
The ancient trade route between
An explosive nuclear weapon capable Intifada China and the Mediterranean Sea.
of widespread death and devastation.
This Arabic word for “uprising” that
Capitalism describes the Palestinian rebellions Slavery
against Israel. A system in which one person is the
A system of government where a
property of another and must obey
country’s trade and industry are Middle Ages
controlled by private individuals and their orders and work without pay.
The period in European history
not by the state.
between the fall of the Roman Soviet Union
Empire in the 5th century CE
Civil war A collection of communist states that
and the Renaissance.
A battle between people inhabiting was made up of Russia and other parts
the same country or region. of the old tsarist empire that came into
Protestantism being after the October Revolution of
Cold War A division of the Christian faith that 1917 and lasted until 1991. Also
The hostile conflict between the USA began as an alternative to the Roman known as the USSR.
and the Soviet Union after World War Catholic Church.
II, which fell short of actual war. Suffrage
Reformation The right to vote in political elections.
Communism An attempt at improving the Roman
A system of government based on Catholic Church during the 16th Terra Australis
workers, where all workers own the century that resulted in Protestantism.
The Latin word for “South Land,” this
country’s property, and each person
continent was assumed to exist and
contributes to society according to Renaissance included on European maps from the
their ability and needs. A period of renewed interest in 15th century. The name “Australia” was
Classical art and culture taking based on this term.
Crusade place across Europe from the
A Christian military campaign 14th century onward. It resulted USSR
sanctioned by the Pope. in some stunning art, architecture,
The Union of Soviet Socialist
and writing.
Emancipation Proclamation Republics, including most of the
President Abraham Lincoln’s order to Revolution former Russian empire. See also
free slaves across the USA, which was Soviet Union.
A rebellion by a group of people
issued on January 1, 1863.
aimed at toppling a government to
Fascism introduce a new system of power,
or a massive change in how people
An extreme system of government
live or work.
controlled by a dictator, who holds
complete power and persecutes those
with different views (and often
different races or nationalities).
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