Page 25 - Jolliffe I. Principal Component Analysis

List of Figures
xxiv
Artistic qualities of painters: plot of 54 painters with respect
5.2
to their first two PCs. The symbol × denotes member of the
‘Venetian’ school. ...................... 85
5.3 Biplot using α = 0 for artistic qualities data. ....... 97
5.4 Biplot using α = 0 for 100 km running data (V1, V2, ...,
V10 indicate variables measuring times on first, second, ...,
tenth sections of the race). ................. 100
5.5 Biplot using α = 1 for 100 km running data (numbers
2
indicate finishing position in race). ............. 101
5.6 Correspondence analysis plot for summer species at Irish
wetland sites. The symbol × denotes site; ◦ denotes species. 105
5.7 Local authorities demographic data: Andrews’ curves for
three clusters. ........................ 109
6.1 Scree graph for the correlation matrix: blood
chemistry data. ........................ 116
6.2 LEV diagram for the covariance matrix: gas
chromatography data. .................... 136

7.1 Factor loadings for two factors with respect to original and
orthogonally rotated factors. ................ 155
7.2 Factor loadings for two factors with respect to original and
obliquely rotated factors. .................. 156
9.1 Two data sets whose direction of separation is the same as
that of the first (within-group) PC. ............ 202
9.2 Two data sets whose direction of separation is orthogonal
to that of the first (within-group) PC. ........... 203
9.3 Aphids: plot with respect to the first two PCs showing four
groups corresponding to species. .............. 215
9.4 English counties: complete-linkage four-cluster solution
superimposed on a plot of the first two PCs. ....... 218

10.1 Example of an outlier that is not detectable by looking at
one variable at a time. .................... 234
10.2 The data set of Figure 10.1, plotted with respect to its PCs. 236
10.3 Anatomical measurements: plot of observations with respect
to the last two PCs. ..................... 244
10.4 Household formation data: plot of the observations with
respect to the first two PCs. ................ 246
10.5 Household formation data: plot of the observations with
respect to the last two PCs. ................. 247

11.1 Loadings of first rotated autumn components for three
˜
˜ ˜ 275
normalization constraints based on (a) A m ;(b) A m ;(c) A m