Page 43 - History of War - Issue 30-16

THE SOMME: 1916–2016

HAMEL AND OTHER SIMILAR OBJECTIVES “HAIG DID NOT IN FACT WANT
WHY DID THE FIGHT AROUND BEAUMONT-
LAST FROM THE FIRST DAY UNTIL THE END TO ATTACK ON THE SOMME; THE
OF THE BATTLE?
They were key places where the defences FRENCH FORCED HIM TO”
were very strong and were regarded as vital
ground. Once you’ve got this objective you are
well poised to go ahead and try and take the else and he was on a learning curve, like every
next bit of vital ground. The ighting was always other general, including the Germans. After all,
hugely dificult because of the nature of the Falkenhayn committed the German Army at
ground on the Somme, which is chalk. Verdun to a battle of attrition on the basis that
This means you can dig very good positions he’d ‘bleed the French Army white’, whereas he
and defences in chalk are good at holding up ended up bleeding his own army white too.
against artillery and you can dig deep dugouts. They were all coping with something that was
The Germans held all the key ground and the completely strange and new to them, which was
Allies had to take out ground that was held very industrial warfare on a huge scale. The greatest
strongly. This was the problem; you were going problem that all sides suffered from was not
to certain places where if you took them you having battleield radios. This may sound like a
could then move on and perhaps crack open pretty trivial thing but if when they committed
the line. That’s the reason that these places troops to a battle the only ways of sending
come up again and again. communications was by sending a pigeon, or
a man who takes hours to get back, or setting
WAS THE END OF THE OFFENSIVE IN up a telephone line which were then cut by
NOVEMBER AN ADMISSION OF DEFEAT? shellire. You sometimes didn’t know what was
I don’t think it’s a sign of an admission of going on for hours or even days, so how do you
defeat saying, “We’ve got to have a pause then alter it and say, “That’s not going terribly
and think again.” Haig did not, in fact, want to well, lets do something slightly different which
British soldiers stand in the ruins of attack on the Somme; the French forced him may succeed.”
Beaumont-Hamel’s church in November to. Remember that the French are the senior By the time they worked out what to do
1916. The settlement had been an partners because they’re providing most of the the picture had changed again and so what
objective for 1 July
troops and Britain has to uphold a key alliance. they were going to do was out of date.
Haig actually wanted to attack in the Communications were absolutely vital.
Passchendaele area and everyone nowadays Haig is also always criticised for living in
thinks, “Passchendaele would have been awful,” chateaus, but if you’ve got a huge headquarters,
but then the defences were not nearly as strong. what are you going to do, build a tented camp?
Haig had a brilliant idea, which was to attack at You go into what is available. All the higher
Passchendaele and at the same time the Royal commanders lived in houses with stables and
Navy would carry out a landing on the Belgian places to set up their staff and somewhere
coast, which would join up with him. that was on the end of a railway line so that you
Had he been able to attack in Flanders in could move things around. I think Haig gets a
1916, there was every chance that it would have bad press partly because he died before David
succeeded but one of the penalties of a coalition Lloyd George did and therefore he didn’t get
in warfare is that you have to take notice of his memoirs in before Lloyd George. History is
what your coalition partner asks you to do. Huge written by the survivors.
pressure was put on Haig to attack at a place
that he didn’t want to and the Somme was not a DESPITE THE PASSAGE OF TIME AND
very clever place to attack. They were attacking ANOTHER WORLD WAR IN BETWEEN, WHY
a bulge and so all they were doing was pushing DOES THE SOMME STILL EXERT SUCH AN
back and they got themselves into a position EMOTIONAL PULL ON THE IMAGINATION?
where they had to attack frontally in a situation It’s the irst time that the British had to face
that was not to their advantage. casualties on this scale in their history because
This is the problem about coalition warfare; up until then they tended to take the ight when
you may not be able to do exactly what you they wanted to such as in Marlborough and
want to do. The French were on home turf and Wellington’s campaigns and also because sea
could appeal to the politicians saying, “Haig is power was how they exerted their inluence. They
not being cooperative,” etc, and the politicians often paid other people to do the ighting or they
probably would have sacked him and put in were part of a bigger organisation when they
someone who did what the French asked. were ighting on land but here for the irst time
is a national army full of volunteers in the irst
IN HINDSIGHT, WHAT DOES THE SOMME really big battle for Kitchener’s armies before
SAY ABOUT DOUGLAS HAIG’S ABILITY AS A conscription comes in.
MILITARY COMMANDER? You’ve got to remember, that by spring 1915,
I don’t believe in the ‘lions led by donkeys’ the French had suffered as many casualties
business. Haig was actually a very intelligent as the British were going to suffer in the whole
man. He was a rather forbidding personality but war. Everybody else had been taking the pain
he did go and visit the troops every day. If you beforehand and it was bound to be a huge
look at some of the entries in his diaries, where shock. ‘Iconic’ is not the right word but it is a
he talks about people that he’s met, he often national memory and it tends to concentrate
says, “I’ve been talking to someone today and on the irst day but it actually went on for Images: Imperial War Museum
he’s not feeling well and been around too long. ive months. These are battles that go on for
He needs a rest”. He actually comes across as a months, not days and there were two more
rather humane man but he’s got this reputation Somme battles that happened in 1918 that
for not being humane. He did as well as anybody luctuated backwards and forwards.

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