Page 24 - Autonomous Vehicle Engineering (January 2020)

Standards/Testing

“The leading players reached a point where we’re Koopman said that since 1995, he’s known about
going through validation and testing. And we realized the importance of establishing the scenarios in which
that the safety question is in our critical path,” said Karl AVs can and cannot remain safe. That’s when a team
Iagnemma, president of autonomous mobility at Tier-1 of Carnegie Mellon roboticists traveled coast-to-coast
tech supplier Aptiv, in an interview at the TechCrunch in a Pontiac minivan decked out with a video camera,
Mobility 2019 conference. “It’s the biggest unanswered personal computer and a GPS receiver. “We had our
question in the industry today,” he asserted. hands off the wheel for 98 percent of the trip,” he told
Aptiv launched the world’s first commercial AV SAE’s Autonomous Vehicle Engineering via phone last
ride-hailing service in 2018. That pilot project, using fall while attending a safety conference in Finland.
Lyft vehicles, is based in Las Vegas. Aptiv also deployed “And for the last 20 years, we’ve been working on the
AVs on the streets of Singapore, Boston and Pittsburgh. last two percent.”
While easy answers to the AV safety question Common ODD factors include time of day,
are elusive, the path forward could come down to weather, terrain and road features. But the list gets
the industry’s widely and often-debated three-letter very long, very fast.
acronym: ODD, or Operational Design Domain. The In January 2019, Koopman, a co-founder of Edge
term defines all conceivable overlapping conditions, Case Research, co-authored a white paper, “How many
use cases, restrictions and scenarios that an AV might Operational Design Domains, Objects, and Events”
encounter – even the most esoteric edge cases. (co-author was Frank Fratrik, lead engineer at Edge
Case Research.) The paper essentially is four pages
The last 2% worth of bullet points of factors related to ODD object
Dr. Phil Koopman, associate professor of electrical and detection, faults and maneuvers.
computer engineers at Carnegie Mellon University, is a The paper’s laundry list of ODD oddities –
decade or two ahead of the pack in realizing the critical impactful factors that an AV might encounter – includes
importance of ODD. glare, social norms, outdated mapping detail, tollbooths,

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