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If a referee thinks you may have plagiarized other people’s work or your own, then
there is a very high probability that he or she will recommend rejecting your paper.
If you commit plagiarism within your university or institute, then you may risk
expulsion.

This chapter is designed to help you understand what is and what is not plagiarism,
and how to paraphrase other people’s work (but always giving a reference).
Paraphrasing is also useful for avoiding repetition within your manuscript, and as a
means to avoid writing words or phrases that you are not sure are correct.

11.2 Plagiarism is not difficult to spot

Plagiarism is very easy to identify, particularly in papers written by non-native
speakers. Plagiarism is particularly evident if you copy phrases from the Internet

that contain examples of non-scientific English (e.g. that come from advertisements
describing the technical features of a product) or that contain the second person
pronoun ‘you’. There are many different forms / registers of English (e.g. scientifi c,
commercial, colloquial), and you should not mix them. The problem is that you may
not be able to recognize which register a text is in.

I revise a lot of research papers from my PhD students. Sometimes I read a para-
graph that contains a considerable number of mistakes in the English (grammar,
vocabulary, spelling etc.) and then suddenly there is a sentence written in perfect
English! If I then Google the sentence, I very frequently discover it comes from a
published paper.

What I do using Google, editors can do using specific software. One such software
provider is iThenticate, whose website ( http://www.ithenticate.com/ ) contains much
useful information about plagiarism, including a survey amongst academics on
what constitutes plagiarism.

The iThenticate survey identified 10 types of plagiarism, including: resubmitting

the same paper to many different journals so as to get it published more than once;
self-plagiarism (i.e. if you re-use your own work without saying so); not referencing
other works correctly; and taking someone else's words and making them seem like
your own and without any attribution. The worst case is taking someone else's man-
uscript and submitting it under your own name.

Clearly, it is not just editors that can benefi t from such software. If you are wor-
ried that you might have unintentionally plagiarized someone's work (particularly
when you are using text that you may have written many months or years ago),
then you can use software to check (other tools include CrossCheck, Turnitin, and
eBlast).