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10. Foton adalah satu bungkusan diskrit tenaga bagi suatu sinaran elektromagnet. Tenaga foton berkadar
terus kepada frekuensi gelombang elektromagnet. Maka, persamaan tenaga foton adalah sama seperti
yang diterbitkan di bahagian kuantum tenaga (nombor 3) / A photon is a particle of light defined as a discrete
bundle (or quantum) of electromagnetic (or light) energy. Photon energy is proportional to the frequency of the
electromagnetic waves. Thus, the energy of photon equation is ame as derived in the part of quantum energy
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(number 3),
hc E = tenaga foton/ photon energy
E = hf atau/ or E = —–
λ f = frekuensi gelombang elektromagnet
frequency of electromagnetic waves
h = pemalar Planck/ Planck’s constant = 6.63 × 10 −34 J s
λ = panjang gelombang elektromagnet
wavelength of electromagnetic wave
c = halaju cahaya/ speed of light = 3.0 × 10 m s –1
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11. Setiap foton mempunyai tenaga, E = hf. Jika bilangan foton yang dipancarkan per saat adalah n pada
sesuatu permukaan, maka kuasa P adalah
Each photon has energy, E = hf. If the number of photons emitted per second is n on a surface, then power, P is

P = nhf

A Penemuaan ahli dalam perkembangan teori kuantum
Discovery of physicists in quantum theory development
Nyatakan penemuan setiap ahli fizik berikut. TP 2
State the discovery each of the following physicists.

Ahli fizik/ Physicist Penemuan/ Discovery
Menyimpulkan bahawa cahaya terdiri daripada zarah melalui eksperimen pembiasan cahaya.
Isaac Newton
Concluded that light consists of particles by experiment refraction of light.

Menunjukkan cahaya bersifat gelombang melalui eksperimen dwicelah cahaya.
Thomas Young
Demonstrates light has wave properties by double slits experiment.

Semua benda terdiri daripada zarah kecil iaitu atom.
John Dalton
All things are made up of the smallest particles which is atom.
Menemui elektron yang bercas negatif.
J. J. Thomson
Discovered the negatively-charged electrons.
Memperkenalkan kuantum tenaga/ diskrit yang berkadar terus dengan frekuensi getaran
Max Planck elektron.
Introduced quantum of energy that directly proportional to the frequency of radiation waves.

Cahaya terdiri daripada foton. Kesan fotoelektrik dijelaskan melalui teori foton Einstein.
Albert Einstein
Light consists of photon. Photoelectric effect is explained by Einstein’s photon theory.
Elektron membebaskan atau menyerap tenaga apabila beralih dari satu orbit ke orbit lain.
Neils Bohr dalam atom.
Electrons release or absorb energy by moving from one orbit to another in an atom.

Louis de Broglie Memperkenalkan sifat kedualan zarah-gelombang yang dikenali sebagai hipotesis de Broglie.
The nature of the particle-wave that is known as the de Broglie hypothesis.

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