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Cardio Diabetes Medicine 2017 467

Nutrient Manipulation for Obesity

Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes

Dr.Sethuramashankaran A, PGDD
Physician and Diabetologist, Chennai

Abstract: genetic and environmental factors contribute to the
Nutrition is essential to maintain optimal health. development of obesity, metabolic syndrome and di-
When nutrition becomes inappropriate it causes over abetes Their alarming rise in prevalence necessitates
weight and obesity leading to metabolic syndrome, the need to study the modifiable factors and novel
diabetes and associated metabolic conditions like treatment options(11). At an individual level causes
hypertension, dyslipidemia, etc. This article enumer- of obesity are physical inactivity, and increased in-
ates the various factors that causes obesity, meta- takes of foods high in saturated fats and sugars. At
bolic syndrome and diabetes with focus on energy a societal level, non-supportive policies in the health,
imbalance and weight gain. The alarming increase agriculture, transport, urban planning, environment,
in prevalence with 13% of the adult population being food processing, distribution, marketing, and educa-
obese and 39% over weight. Their association with tion sectors can all have influence. Obesity has been
more deaths worldwide than underweight necessi- shown to increase the risks of chronic disease, such
tates the need to address the obesogenic environ- as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovas-
ment that causes it. Diet rich in carbohydrates, re- cular disease, hypertension, stroke and certain types
fined sugars and fats along with sedentary life style of cancer(1). To promote weight loss, changes in life
contribute to the obesogenic environment. Dietary style affecting the dietary habits and physical activi-
strategies that help in weight loss and weight man- ties are to be implemented.
agement were reviewed. Certain type of diets were
found to be superior when compared to others as Facts:
they showed beneficial effects on Obesity is one of the most common, but most ne-
glected public health problem in the developed and
cardiovascular and diabetes risk profiles.
developing countries. In 2014,an estimated 1.9 billion
adults aged 18 years and older were overweight, with
Key words:
one third of these classified as obese. The worldwide
Obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, carbo- prevalence of obesity more than doubled between
hydrates, proteins, fats, dietary strategy, weight loss, 1980 and 2014. An estimated 41 million children under
weight maintenance, ad libitum. the age of 5 years were overweight or obese. Near-
ly half of the children under 5 who were overweight
Introduction: or obese in 2014 lived in Asia. Overweight and obe-
Body weight is an intricate balance between calories sity are linked to more deaths worldwide than un-
consumed (energy intake) and calories burned (ener- derweight. Globally there are more people who are
gy expenditure). Body weight is gained when energy obese than underweight except sub-Saharan Africa
intake (nutrition) exceeds energy expenditure over an and parts of Asia. United Nations General Assembly
extended period of time leading to overweight and on Prevention and Control of Non Communicable
obesity. The exact cause whether it is the increased Diseases of 2011 recognizes the importance of reduc-
energy intake (nutrition) or the reduced energy ex- ing unhealthy diet and physical inactivity(1). Increase
penditure is not clearly known; it is a combination of in obesity, abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome
both in varying proportions in each individual. Both in Asian Indians leads to diabetes and atherogen-

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