Page 17 - Clinical Application of Mechanical Ventilation

Contents XV

Fluid Balance and Anion Gap 253
Fluid Balance 253
Anion Gap 253
Arterial Blood Gases 254
Assessment of Ventilatory Status 255
Assessment of Oxygenation Status 255
Limitations of Blood Gases 257
Oxygen Saturation Monitoring 258
Pulse Oximetry 258
Accuracy and Clinical Use of Pulse Oximetry 259
Limitations of Pulse Oximetry 259
Integrated Pulse CO-Oximetry 259
End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring 260
Capnography 261
Capnography Waveforms and Clinical Application 261
P(a-et)CO Gradient 264
2
Limitations of Capnography Monitoring 264
Transcutaneous Blood Gas Monitoring 265
Transcutaneous PO (PtcO ) 265
2
2
Transcutaneous PCO (PtcCO ) 266
2
2
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure 266
Summary 267
Self-Assessment Questions 267
Answers to Self-Assessment Questions 270
References 270

Chapter 10: heModynaMiC Monitoring

Introduction 276
Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring 276
Technical Background 276
Units of Measurement 277
Types of Catheters 277
Arterial Catheter 277
Insertion of Arterial Catheter 278
Normal Arterial Pressure and Mean Arterial Pressure 279
Pulse Pressure 279
Potential Problems with Arterial Catheter 281
Central Venous Catheter 281
Insertion of Central Venous Catheter 282
Components of Central Venous Pressure Waveform 283
CVP Measurements 284
Pulmonary Artery Catheter 284
Insertion of Pulmonary Artery Catheter 285
Components of Pulmonary Arterial Pressure Waveform 286
PAP Measurements 286

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