Page 162 - Encyclopedia of Nursing Research

DoCToRAL EDUCATion n 129

of response tokens. in recent years, how- multidisciplinary. in nursing, discourse anal-
ever, conversation analysis has extended to ysis is being applied with all three perspec-
include behavioral aspects of interaction (e.g., tives. Discourse analysis with the linguistic D
gesture, gaze, and laughter) as its analyti- perspective has been applied to study dis-
cal components. The use of transcripts and course comprehension in client–nurse inter-
transcription symbols has been extensively actions or discourse organization of nurses’
developed in this perspective. notes and to analyze various discourses on
Discourse analysis in the ideological/ such topics as abortion, individualized care,
critical perspective differs from the other two and professionalism in the nursing litera-
perspectives in its emphasis on the nature of ture related to macrostructural or contextual
discourse as historically constructed and con- factors.
strained by idea and knowledge. Discourse on the other hand, discourse analysis
in this perspective is not considered in terms with the conversation perspective has been
of linguistic form or interactive patterning. applied to the study of turn taking and topic
Rather, discourse is not only what is said or organization in client–nurse interactions
written but also is viewed within the discur- and to examine the dynamics of home visit-
sive conditions that produce imagined forms ing. Within the ideological/critical perspec-
of life in given local, historical, and sociocul- tive, discourse analysis has been applied to
tural junctures and thus is embedded in and examine nursing documentation as a form
with power and ideology. of power relations, to analyze discourse of
This perspective was represented by nursing diagnosis in the nursing literature,
poststructuralists such as Foucault (1972), and to explicate the language of sexuality,
Derrida (1978), and Lyotard (1984), who menopause, and abortion as power relations
viewed discourse analysis not simply as and ideology. Written texts produced by cli-
an analytical process but as a critique and ents and nurses and client–nurse conversa-
intervention against marginalization and tions as well as texts in the public domain
repression of other forms of knowledge and are the rich sources for applying discourse
discursive possibilities. Discourse analysis analysis to study the language-in-use from
in this perspective is oriented to revealing these perspectives.
sociohistorical functions and power rela-
tions embedded in statements of talks and Hesook Suzie Kim
texts as well as what Foucault called “sys-
temic archives,” of which statements form a
part. Specifically, critical discourse analysis
from this perspective takes up the approach DoCtoral eDuCation
to reveal and critique how power systemat-
ically entrenches into human’s discursive
acts and their products (i.e., texts) through The landscape of doctoral nursing edu-
domination, abuse, and distortions and is cation has changed markedly during the
open to applying various analytic techniques past decade. Doctoral education in nurs-
(Fairclough, 1995; Power, 1996; van Dijk, 2001; ing includes two general types of programs
Wodak & Krzyzanowski, 2008). offering distinctly different types of degrees.
The foregoing discussion indicates that The basic differentiation is between research-
discourse analysis is not a unified approach focused and practice-focused programs.
to studying language use. Although three Research-focused doctoral programs, tradi-
perspectives are identified for this method, tionally the most numerous, are designed to
there is a blurring of differences among the prepare the graduate for a lifetime of scholar-
perspectives. The method, however, remains ship and research and are often the preferred