Page 425 - Encyclopedia of Nursing Research

392 n PeNDeR’S HeAlTH PROMOTION MODel

where and how parents are able to ensure Practice, is currently in the sixth edition
children receive this. Providers need to be (Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2010).
P aware of safe community resources to guide The 10 major theoretical propositions of
families. the revised HPM collectively state that indi-
Anderson and Whitaker (2010) studied vidual characteristics and beliefs will influ-
preschool-aged children exposed to three ence the person’s level of commitment and
household routines of eating the evening likelihood of demonstrating the desired
meal as a family, getting enough nighttime health promotion behavior. These interre-
sleep and having limited screen time. These lated variables are represented in Pender’s
children had a 40% lower incidence of obesity revised HPM conceptual map (1996); related
than those who did not have these routines. variables are clustered and separated into
It is imperative that adequate and appro- three main categories: individual character-
priate health services are available to chil- istics and experiences, behavior-specific cog-
dren and families to help ensure positive nitions and affect, and behavioral outcome
outcomes. A variety of health care providers, (Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2002).
including nurse practitioners with knowl- The antecedents to action are the indi-
edge of the needs of children, is essential for vidual characteristics and experiences, which
changes to occur. include variables that have been determined
by past experiences, genetics, or biopsycho-
Virginia Richardson social influence. These variables can influ-
ence behaviors, beliefs, and outcomes. The
most substantial part of the model is com-
posed of variables based on beliefs and out-
PenDer’s health side influences that are fused together under
the heading “Behavior Specific Cognitions
Promotion moDel and Affect.” This category includes proposi-
tions that people will be more successful if
they anticipate benefit, perceive self-efficacy,
Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) and have a positive affect toward the health
is a middle-range theory that explains and promotion goal. The expectations of signif-
predicts how the complex interaction among icant others (family, peers, and health care
perceptual and environmental factors influ- providers), the external environment, and
ences health-related choices. Pender focused the competing demands (distractions) and
the model on high-level wellness and health preferences can influence attainment of the
promotion. The model has been used inter- health promotion behavior. Both of these
nationally as the basis for nursing research, groupings are related to the last cluster of
practice, and education. variables termed the behavioral outcome. The
Since her first published model in 1982, desired outcome is the health promotion
Pender has made two major revisions to her behavior, which is influenced by compet-
model resulting in a 1987 version and a 1996 ing demands and making a commitment to
version. The revised version has shown to be changing behavior. The level of commitment
a better predictor of health-related behav- to a plan of action both influences the out-
ior change in nursing research, such as pre- come and may predict the ability to main-
dicting physical activity in adolescents and tain the desired health promotion behavior
predicting the use of hearing protection in change over time (Pender et al., 2002).
construction workers (Ronis, Hond, & lusk, Pender’s HPM has been used in research,
2006; Wu & Pender, 2005). The text based on clinical practice, and nursing education.
Pender’s HPM, Health Promotion in Nursing Hundreds of published nursing articles have