Page 426 - Encyclopedia of Nursing Research

PePlAU’S THeOReTICAl MODel n 393

used the model as a theoretical framework. and clinical practice. Pender’s model also
Research based on the HPM covers a vari- addresses the barriers to action that are
ety of clinical applications such as the use important areas to focus nursing interven- P
of hearing protection, smoking cessation, tion. lastly, Pender has taken a truly holistic
exercise, sexual behaviors and contraceptive approach, considering sociocultural, psycho-
use, dietary goals and cholesterol levels, logical, and biological variables. The content
use of seat belts, job strain/absenteeism/ of the HPM model is consistent with con-
productivity, stress reduction, cancer risk temporary beliefs that health promotion is
reduction, accessing prenatal care, avoiding a national and international priority and a
secondhand smoke, and diabetes preven- cost-effective alternative to sick care.
tion. Pender states that she primarily uses
the model to study exercise behaviors in ado- Caryn A. Sheehan
lescents and young adults (Pender, 2001b).
Nursing implications derived from the HPM
research offer specific nursing interventions
that can be readily used in clinical practice. PePlau’s theoretiCal moDel
Information about how to promote healthy
choices and lasting behavior modification
is valuable to both health care professionals Hildegard Peplau (1909–1999) formulated
and the public. Pender has also published an her theoretical ideas about the therapeu-
article specifically outlining health promo- tic interpersonal process of nursing in the
tion recommendations for BSN, MSN, and 1940s and published them in the now-classic
PhD nursing curricula (Pender, Barkauskas, 1952 book, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing.
Hayman, Rice, & Anderson, 1992). The foundation of Peplau’s work was inter-
The HPM offers a high degree of gen- personal relationships with patients as the
eralizability to many diverse groups of peo- significant context in which nurses facili-
ple. Pender has consulted internationally in tate patients’ well-being. Peplau’s theoretical
such countries as Japan, Korea, Dominican model can be categorized as a middle-range
Republic, Jamaica, england, New Zealand, theory. The theory has a specific focus on the
and Mexico (Pender, 2001a, Biographical characteristics and process of the therapeu-
sketch). The HPM is available in several lan- tic relationship as a nursing method to help
guages including english, Spanish, Japanese, manage anxiety and foster healthy develop-
and Korean translations (Pender, 2001a). ment. Through the therapeutic relationship,
Research based on the model has tested both the patient develops resources for healthy
males and females at all ages from preschool behaviors by actively participating with the
children to older adults. Research partici- nurse in a developmental process of change.
pants have been from a variety of settings Through the therapeutic relationship, the
including inpatient, outpatient, primary care, nurse uses a complex set of knowledge and
and community dwellings. Most importantly, skills (interpersonal competencies, investiga-
the research based on the HPM has not been tive skill, and theoretical knowledge) along
limited to healthy subjects. Some popula- with patient strengths and characteristics to
tions that have been studied have included assist the patient in using energy provided
people diagnosed with CAD, HIv, asthma, by the anxiety to identify and grow from a
cancer, hypertension, cognitive disorders, problematic situation (O’Toole & Welt, 1989;
and chronic disease. Reed, 2005). The nurse–patient relation-
Strengths of the HPM include its use of ship is fundamental to providing nursing
concepts that are logical and basic, its gen- care and derives from the human need for
eralizability, and its usefulness in research connectedness that is still relevant in the