Page 497 - Encyclopedia of Nursing Research

464 n SelF-eFFICACy

motivational interventions and engaging particularly with regard to adults under-
individuals in exercise activities on self-effi- going orthopedic interventions (Resnick,
S cacy expectations and explored relationships gruber-Baldini, et al., 2009; van den Akker-
between self-efficacy and outcome expecta- Scheek et al., 2007, p. 8). Although interven-
tions and exercise behavior. In contrast to tions did not always strengthen self-efficacy
Bandura’s earlier findings (Bandura, 1997, with regard to functional behaviors, there
p. 4), which stressed that self-efficacy expec- was an association between these beliefs and
tations were better predictors of behavior performance of function.
than outcome expectations, in several nurs- nursing research frequently uses self-
ing studies outcome expectations, rather than efficacy theory to address self-care and
self-efficacy expectations, were predictive of self-management across a variety of clinical
exercise behavior (murrock & madigan, 2008, problems. For example, self-efficacy has been
p. 12; Resnick, luisi, et al., 2008). used with regard to self-care management
Self-efficacy theory has also been used after acute cardiac events and associated
to address health behaviors such as healthy with congestive heart failure (hiltunen et al.,
eating in rural women (Walker, pullen, 2005, p. 30; padula, yeaw, & mistry, 2009,
hertzog, Boeckner, & hageman, 2006, p. 16), p. 29), diabetes self-care management (Utz
health promoting behaviors in incarcerated et al., 2008, p. 31), and self-management for
men (loeb, Steffensmeier, & lawrence, 2008, peritoneal dialysis (Su, lu, Chen, & Wang,
p. 17), osteoporosis screening (hsieh, Wang, 2009, p. 32) for managing depression (Weng,
mcCubbin, zhang, & Inouye, 2008, p. 18), Dai, Wang, huang, & Chiang, 2008, p. 33),
papanicolaou (pap) testing (Tung, nguyen, & back pain (göhner & Schlicht, 2006, p. 34),
Tran, 2008, p. 19) in Asian adult samples, and and birth control. nursing interventions
smoking cessation (Kim, 2006, p. 36). Across intended to improve adherence to self-care
all of these studies, there were significant behaviors were guided by self-efficacy the-
positive relationships between self-efficacy ory in these studies, and findings indicated
and the behavior of interest. that there were improvements in self-efficacy
Cultural competence in nurses has been as well as anticipated behaviors.
considered by using a measure of knowledge Another common use of self-efficacy
of cultural concepts, knowledge of cultural theory in nursing research is around the
life patterns for specific ethnic groups, and area of mothering, specifically with regard
self-efficacy in performing cultural nursing to breastfeeding and infant care (noel-Weiss,
skills (hagman, 2006, p. 20). Findings indi- Rupp, Cragg, Bassett, & Woodend, 2006, p.
cated that nurses were moderately efficacious 38; padula et al., 2009, p. 29; prasopkittikun,
in cultural knowledge and abilities. Self- Tilokskulchai, Sinsuksai, & Sitthimongkol,
efficacy expectations associated with demen- 2006, p. 39). Self-efficacy expectations were
tia care management has also been considered shown to be associated with breastfeed-
(Connor et al., 2009, p. 22), as has self-efficacy ing and infant care and interventions to
for providing restorative care (Resnick, luisi, strengthen self-efficacy associated with these
et al., 2008), self-efficacy for knowledge of behaviors improved adherence to nursing
use of assistive devices (Roelands, Van Oost, behaviors.
Depoorter, Buysse, & Stevens, 2006, p. 24), and Self-efficacy is situation specific, and it
self-efficacy for professional nursing behav- is not clear how generalizable self- efficacy
ior (manojlovich, 2005, p. 25). Self-efficacy expectations are from one behavior to
either directly influenced outcome behaviors another. Future nursing research needs
or mediated these behaviors. to focus on the degree to which specific
Self-efficacy has been considered self-efficacy behaviors can be generalized.
with regard to functional performance, measurement of self-efficacy and outcome