Page 513 - Encyclopedia of Nursing Research

480 n SnOmeD ClInICAl TeRmS

positions to advocate in clinical practice and concepts (impaired, coping, and caregiver)
community settings to reduce the burden from the findings and social context hier-
S associated with the leading cause of prevent- archies. Research occurred with attention
able death and disability worldwide. to the evolving International Standards
Organization standard on a reference ter-
Nancy Houston Miller minology model for nursing (Bakken,
Coenen, & Saba, 2004) and the axes of the
International Classification of nursing
practice (International Council of nurses,
Snomed clinical termS 2010). In particular, studies highlighted the
need to represent the “who” of nursing diag-
noses and interventions (e.g., patient, fam-
SnOmeD Clinical Terms (CT) is a compre- ily, group, caregiver), actual versus potential
hensive health care terminology organized problems, and a broad array of nursing
into 18 hierarchies including the following of actions (e.g., teaching, administering, coor-
key relevance to nursing: (a) clinical finding/ dinating) (Bakken et al., 2002; hardiker,
disorder, (b) procedure/intervention, (c) envi- Bakken, Casey, & hoy, 2002; moss, Coenen, &
ronment or geographic location, (d) social mills, 2003).
context, (e) event, and (f) staging and scales Although initially the intellectual prop-
(International health Terminology Standards erty of the College of American pathologists
Development Organization [IhTSDO], 2010). (Côté, Rothwell, palotay, Beckett, & Brochu,
SnOmeD CT evolved from the convergence 1993), in 2007 SnOmeD CT was transferred
of SnOmeD (Systematized nomenclature to the SnOmeD Standards Development
of medicine) and national health Service Organization through the creation of the
Clinical Terms through a collaborative pro- IhTSDO. As one of nine charter members
cess initiated in 1999. of the IhTSDO, the United States distributes
nursing research in the early 1990s sug- SnOmeD CT through the national library of
gested that although SnOmeD had terms medicine’s Unified medical language System
of utility to nursing, further expansion license. Thus, SnOmeD CT is now broadly
was required (henry, holzemer, Reilly, & available for use in the United States.
Campbell, 1994; lange, 1996). Subsequently, SnOmeD CT has grown to more than
SnOmeD CT integrated content from a 300,000 concepts. An IhTSDO nursing
variety of nursing language systems. These Special Interest group reports to the
include north American nursing Diagnosis Innovation and Implementation Committee
Association International (2008), nursing and provides advocacy for nursing. In 2010,
Interventions Classification (Dochterman & the International Council of nurses—the
Bulechek, 2004), nursing Outcomes developers of the International Classification
Classification (moorhead, Johnson, & maas, of nursing practice—and the IhTSDO signed
2004), Clinical Care Classification (Saba, a collaboration agreement to further advance
2007), Omaha System (martin, 2004), and peri- terminology harmonization. These policy
operative nursing Data Set (AORn, 2008) efforts as well as additional research are
nurse researchers also influenced essential to integration nursing concepts into
the SnOmeD CT reference terminology computer-based systems such as electronic
model that specifies how atomic concepts health records to support nursing practice
can be combined to construct a more com- and practice-based evidence generation.
plex term. For example, impaired caregiver
coping can be constructed from atomic Suzanne Bakken