Page 558 - ACCCN's Critical Care Nursing
P. 558

Gastrointestinal, Liver and Nutritional Alterations 535

             180.  Metheny NA, St.John RE, Clouse RE. Measurement of glucose in tracheo-  209.  Cook  D,  Guyatt  G,  Marshall  J,  Leasa  D,  Fuller  H  et  al.  A  comparison  of
                bronchial  secretions  to  detect  aspiration  of  enteral  feedings.  Heart  Lung   sucralfate and randitine for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding
                1998; 27(5): 285–92.                                 in  patients  requiring  mechanical  ventilation.  N  Engl  J  Med  1998;  338:
             181.  Metheny NA, Clouse RE. Bedside methods for detecting aspiration in tube-  791–7.
                fed patients. Chest 1997; 111(3): 724–31.         210.  Schiessel R, Feil W, Wenzl E. Mechanisms of stress ulceration and implica-
             182.  Metheny NA, Dahms TE, Chang YH, Stewart BJ, Frank PA, Clouse RE. Detec-  tions for treatment. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1990; 19(1): 101–20.
                tion of pepsin in tracheal secretions after forced small-volume aspirations   211.  Fennerty MB. Pathophysiology of the upper gastrointestinal tract in the criti-
                of gastric juice. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2004; 28(2): 79–84.  cally lll patient: Rationale of the therapeutic benefits of acid suppression.
             183.  Koretz RL, Lipman TO, Klein S. AGA technical review on parenteral nutrition.   Crit Care Med 2002; 30(6Suppl): S351–5.
                Gastroenterology 2001; 121(4): 970–1001.          212.  Perry MA, Wadhwa S, Parks DA, Pickard W, Granger DN. Role of oxygen
             184.  Braunschweig  CL,  Levy  P,  Sheean  PM,  Wang  X-H.  Enteral  compared  with   radicals  in  ischemia-induced  lesions  in  the  cat  stomach.  Gastroenterology
                parenteral  nutrition:  a  meta-analysis.  Am  J  Clin  Nutr  2001;  74(4):   1986; 90(2): 362–7.
                534–42.                                           213.  Ritchie WP, Jr., Mercer D. Mediators of bile acid-induced alterations in gastric
             185.  Sena MJ, Utter GH, Cuschieri J, Maier RV, Tompkins RG et al. Early supple-  mucosal blood flow. Am J Surg 1991; 161(1): 126–30.
                mental parenteral nutrition is associated with increased infectious complica-  214.  Robertson MS, Cade JF, Clancy RL. Heliobacter pylori infection in intensive
                tions  in  critically  ill  trauma  patients.  J  Am  Coll  Surg  2008;  207(4):   care: increased prevalence and a new nosocomial infection. Crit Care Med
                459–67.                                              1999; 27: 1276–80.
             186.  Singer  P,  Berger  MM,  Van  den  Berghe  G,  Biolo  G,  Calder  P  et  al.  ESPEN   215.  Cook DJ, Fuller HD, Guyatt GH, Marshall JC, Leasa D et al. Risk factors for
                Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: intensive care. Clin Nutr 2009; 28(4):   gastrointestinal  bleeding  in  critically  ill  patients.  Canadian  Critical  Care
                387–400.                                             Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1994; 330(6): 377–81.
             187.  Martindale RG, McClave SA, Vanek VW, McCarthy M, Roberts P et al. Guide-  216.  Ellison RT, Perez-Perez G, Welsh CH, Blaser MJ, Riester KA et al. Risk factors
                lines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the   for  upper  gastrointestinal  bleeding  in  intensive  care  unit  patients:  role  of
                adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine and American   Helicobacter  pylori. Federal Hyperimmune Immunoglobulin Therapy Study
                Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: Executive Summary. Crit Care   Group. Crit Care Med 1996; 24(12): 1974–81.
                Med 2009; 37(5): 1757–61.                         217.  Beejay U, Wolfe MM. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding in the intensive care
             188.  Hagle  M.  Parenteral  nutrition.  In:  Weinstein  SM,  ed.  Plumer’s  principles  &   unit. The gastroenterologist’s perspective. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2000;
                practice of intravenous therapy, 8th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &   29(2): 309–36.
                Wilkins; 2006.                                    218.  Martindale RG. Contemporary strategies for the prevention of stress-related
             189.  Ziegler TR. Parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient. N Engl J Med 2009;   mucosal bleeding. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2005; 62(10 Suppl 2): S11–17.
                361(11): 1088–97.                                 219.  Daley RJ, Rebuck JA, Welage LS, Rogers FB. Prevention of stress ulceration:
             190.  Pennington C. What is parenteral nutrition? In: Hamilton H, ed. Total par-  current trends in critical care. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(10): 2008–13.
                enteral nutrition: a practical guide for nurses. London: Churchill Livingstone;   220.  Pisegna  JR.  Pharmacology  of  acid  suppression  in  the  hospital  setting:
                2000.                                                Focus  on  proton  pump  inhibition.  Crit  Care  Med  2002;  30(6Suppl):
             191.  Mirtallo J, Canada T, Johnson D, Kumpf V, Petersen C et al. Safe practices   S356–61.
                for parenteral nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2004; 28(6): S39–70.  221.  Merki HS, Wilder-Smith CH. Do continuous infusions of omeprazole and
             192.  Koss W, Joshi N. Prescribing total parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 2003; 19:   ranitidine retain their effect with prolonged dosing? Gastroenterology 1994;
                819–20.                                              106(1): 60–64.
             193.  Hamilton H. Choosing the appropriate catheter for patients requiring par-  222.  Spirt MJ. Acid suppression in critically ill patients: What does the evidence
                enteral  nutrition.  In:  Hamilton  H,  ed.  Total  parenteral  nutrition:  a  practical   support? Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23(10 Part 2):S87–93.
                guide for nurses. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2000.  223.  Metz  DC.  Preventing  the  gastrointestinal  consequences  of  stress-related
             194.  Choung  RS,  Talley  NJ.  Epidemiology  and  clinical  presentation  of  stress-  mucosal disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2005; 21(1): 11–18.
                related peptic damage and chronic peptic ulcer. Curr Mol Med 2008; 8(4):   224.  Steinberg KP. Stress-related mucosal disease in the critically ill patient: Risk
                253–7.                                               factors and strategies to prevent stress-related bleeding in the intensive care
             195.  ASHP Therapeutic Guidelines on Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis. ASHP Commis-  unit. Crit Care Med 2002; 30(6Suppl): S362–4.
                sion  on  Therapeutics  and  approved  by  the  ASHP  Board  of  Directors  on   225.  Brett S. Science review: The use of proton pump inhibitors for gastric acid
                November 14, 1998. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999; 56(4): 347–79.  suppression in critical illness. Crit Care 2005; 19(1): 45–50.
             196.  Duerksen DR. Stress-related mucosal disease in critically ill patients. Best Prac   226.  Cash BD. Evidence-based medicine as it applies to acid suppression in the
                Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 17(3): 327–44.          hospitalized patient. Crit Care Med 2002; 30(6Suppl): S373–8.
             197.  Shuman  RB,  Schuster  DP,  Zuckerman  GR.  Prophylactic  therapy  for  stress   227.  Levy MJ, Seelig CB, Robinson NJ, Ranney JE. Comparison of omeprazole
                ulcer bleeding: a reappraisal. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106(4): 562–7.  and  ranitidine  for  stress  ulcer  prophylaxis.  Dig  Dis  Sci  1997;  42(6):
             198.  Fennerty MB. Pathophysiology of the upper gastrointestinal tract in the criti-  1255–9.
                cally ill patient: rationale for the therapeutic benefits of acid suppression.   228.  Cook  D,  Guyatt  G,  Marshall  J,  Leasa  D,  Fuller  H,  et  al.  A  comparison  of
                Crit Care Med 2002; 30(6 Suppl): S351–5.             sucralfate and ranitidine for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleed-
             199.  Mutlu  GM,  Mutlu  EA,  Factor  P.  GI  complications  in  patients  receiving   ing  in  patients  requiring  mechanical  ventilation.  Canadian  Critical  Care
                mechanical ventilation. Chest 2001; 119(4): 1222–41.  Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 338(12): 791–7.
             200.  Sesler JM. Stress-related mucosal disease in the intensive care unit: an update   229.  Pingleton SK. Treating the patient with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
                on prophylaxis. AACN Adv Crit Care 2007; 18(2): 119–26; quiz 27–8.  Geriatrics 1983; 38(8): 61–4, 69, 72.
             201.  Ali T, Harty RF. Stress-induced ulcer bleeding in critically ill patients. Gastro-  230.  Moscona R, Kaufman T, Jacobs R, Hirshowitz B. Prevention of gastrointesti-
                enterol Clin North Am 2009; 38(2): 245–65.           nal bleeding in burns: the effects of cimetidine or antacids combined with
             202.  Laine L, Takeuchi K, Tarnawski A. Gastric mucosal defense and cytoprotec-  early enteral feeding. Burns Including Thermal Injury 1985; 12(1): 65–7.
                tion: bench to bedside. Gastroenterology 2008; 135(1): 41–60.  231.  Bonten MJ, Gaillard CA, van der Hulst R, de Leeuw PW, van der Geest S
             203.  Spirt MJ, Stanley S. Update on stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients.   et al. Intermittent enteral feeding: the influence on respiratory and digestive
                Crit Care Nurse 2006; 26(1): 18–20.                  tract colonization in mechanically ventilated intensive-care-unit patients. Am
             204.  Marshall AP. The gut in critical illness. In: Carlson K, editor. AACN Advanced   J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154(2 Pt 1): 394–9.
                Critical Care Nursing. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2009.  232.  Mushlin P, Gelman S. Hepatic physiology and pathophysiology. In: Miller
             205.  Hawkey CJ, Rampton DS. Prostaglandins and the gastrointestinal mucosa:   R, Eriksson LI, Fleisher LA, Wiener-Kronish JP, Young WL, eds. Miller’s Anes-
                are  they  important  in  its  function,  disease,  or  treatment?  Gastroenterology   thesia, 7th edn. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2009.
                1985; 89(5): 1162–88.                             233.  Kaplowitz N. Mechanisms of liver cell injury. J Hepatol 2000; 32(Suppl 1):
             206.  Beejay U, Wolfe MM. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding in the intensive care   39–47.
                unit: a gastroenterologist’s perspective. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2000; 29:   234.  Riordan SM, Williams, R. Acute liver failure: targeted artificial and hepatocyte-
                309–36.                                              based  support  of  liver  regeneration  and  reversal  of  multiorgan  failure.  J
             207.  Durham RM, Shapiro MJ. Stress gastritis revisited. Surg Clin North Am 1991;   Hepatol 2000; 32(Suppl 1): 63–76.
                71: 791–810.                                      235.  Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Hepatitis overview.
             208.  Goldin GF, Peura DA. Stress-related mucosal damage. What to do or not to   Canberra, ACT: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing;
                do. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clin N Am 1996; 6: 505–26.  2005 [cited April 2005]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/
   553   554   555   556   557   558   559   560   561   562   563