Page 1859 - Hall et al (2015) Principles of Critical Care-McGraw-Hill
P. 1859
2 References
30. Winter SD, Pearson JR, Gabow PA, et al. The fall of the serum 51. Position paper: Ipecac syrup. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42:
anion gap. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:311-313. 133-143.
31. Oh MS, Carroll HJ. The anion gap. N Engl J Med. 1977;297: 52. Manoguerra AS, Cobaugh DJ. Guideline on the use of ipecac
814-817. syrup in the out-of-hospital management of ingested poisons.
32. Gabow PA. Disorders associated with an altered anion gap. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2005;43:1-10.
Kidney Int. 1985;27:472-483. 53. Vale JA, Kulig K. Position paper: gastric lavage. J Toxicol Clin
33. Gabow PA, Clay K, Sullivan JB, et al. Organic acids in ethylene Toxicol. 2004;42:933-943.
glycol intoxication. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:16-20. 54. Rudolph JP. Automated gastric lavage and a comparison of 0.9%
34. Leatherman JW, Schmitz PG. Fever, hyperdynamic shock, normal saline solution and tap water irrigant. Ann Emerg Med.
and multiple-system organ failure. A pseudo-sepsis syndrome 1985;14:1156-1159.
associated with chronic salicylate intoxication. Chest. 1991;100: 55. Olson KR. Activated charcoal for acute poisoning: one toxicolo-
1391-1396. gist’s journey. J Med Toxicol. 2010;6:190-198.
35. Walker JA, Schwartzbard A, Krauss EA, et al. The missing gap. 56. Eddleston M, Juszczak E, Buckley NA, et al. Multiple-dose acti-
A pitfall in the diagnosis of alcohol intoxication by osmometry. vated charcoal in acute self-poisoning: a randomised controlled
Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:1843-1844. trial. Lancet. 2008;371:579-587.
36. Sweeney TE, Beuchat CA. Limitations of methods of osmom- 57. Underhill TJ, Greene MK, Dove AF. A comparison of the effi-
etry: measuring the osmolality of biological fluids. Am J Physiol. cacy of gastric lavage, ipecacuanha and activated charcoal in the
1993;264:R469-R480. emergency management of paracetamol overdose. Arch Emerg
37. Glasser L, Sternglanz PD, Combie J, et al. Serum osmolality and Med. 1990;7:148-154.
its applicability to drug overdose. Am J Clin Pathol. 1973;60: 58. Spiller HA, Sawyer TS. Impact of activated charcoal after
695-699. acute acetaminophen overdoses treated with N-acetylcysteine.
38. Glaser DS. Utility of the serum osmol gap in the diagnosis J Emerg Med. 2007;33:141-144.
of methanol or ethylene glycol ingestion. Ann Emerg Med. 59. Jurgens G, Hoegberg LC, Graudal NA. The effect of activated
1996;27:343-346. charcoal on drug exposure in healthy volunteers: a meta-
39. Trummel J, Ford M, Austin P. Ingestion of an unknown alcohol. analysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85:501-505.
Ann Emerg Med. 1996;27:368-374. 60. Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al. Position paper: single-
40. Hoffman RS, Smilkstein MJ, Howland MA, et al. Osmol gaps dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2005;43:61-87.
revisited: normal values and limitations. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 61. Greene S, Harris C, Singer J. Gastrointestinal decontamination
1993;31:81-93. of the poisoned patient. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24:176-186;
41. Mycyk MB, Aks SE. A visual schematic for clarifying the tem- quiz 187-189.
poral relationship between the anion and osmol gaps in toxic 62. Givens T, Holloway M, Wason S. Pulmonary aspiration of
alcohol poisoning. Am J Emerg Med. 2003;21:333-335. activated charcoal: a complication of its misuse in overdose
42. Ammar KA, Heckerling PS. Ethylene glycol poisoning with management. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1992;8:137-140.
a normal anion gap caused by concurrent ethanol ingestion: 63. Elliott CG, Colby TV, Kelly TM, et al. Charcoal lung.
importance of the osmolal gap. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;27: Bronchiolitis obliterans after aspiration of activated charcoal.
130-133. Chest. 1989;96:672-674.
43. Schelling JR, Howard RL, Winter SD, et al. Increased osmolal 64. Harris CR, Filandrinos D. Accidental administration of acti-
gap in alcoholic ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis. Ann Intern vated charcoal into the lung: aspiration by proxy. Ann Emerg
Med. 1990;113:580-582. Med. 1993;22:1470-1473.
44. Sklar AH, Linas SL. The osmolal gap in renal failure. Ann Intern 65. Menzies DG, Busuttil A, Prescott LF. Fatal pulmonary aspira-
Med. 1983;98:481-482. tion of oral activated charcoal. BMJ. 1988;297:459-460.
45. Tillman DJ, Ruggles DL, Leikin JB. Radiopacity study of 66. Bradberry SM, Vale JA. Multiple-dose activated charcoal:
extended-release formulations using digitalized radiography. a review of relevant clinical studies. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol.
Am J Emerg Med. 1994;12:310-314. 1995;33:407-416.
46. Brett AS. Implications of discordance between clinical impres- 67. Mokhlesi B, Leiken JB, Murray P, et al. Adult toxicology in
sion and toxicology analysis in drug overdose. Arch Intern Med. critical care: part I: general approach to the intoxicated patient.
1988;148:437-441. Chest. 2003;123:577-592.
47. Kellermann AL, Fihn SD, LoGerfo JP, et al. Impact of drug 68. Position statement and practice guidelines on the use of
screening in suspected overdose. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16: multi-dose activated charcoal in the treatment of acute poi-
1206-1216. soning. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European
48. Gibb K. Serum alcohol levels, toxicology screens, and use of the Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists.
breath alcohol analyzer. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15:349-353. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37:731-751.
49. Mahoney JD, Gross PL, Stern TA, et al. Quantitative serum toxic 69. Ilkhanipour K, Yealy DM, Krenzelok EP. The comparative effi-
screening in the management of suspected drug overdose. Am J cacy of various multiple-dose activated charcoal regimens. Am
Emerg Med. 1990;8:16-22. J Emerg Med. 1992;10:298-300.
50. Wigder HN, Erickson T, Morse T, et al. Emergency depart- 70. Keller RE, Schwab RA, Krenzelok EP. Contribution of sorbitol
ment poison advice telephone calls. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25: combined with activated charcoal in prevention of salicylate
349-352. absorption. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19:654-656.
Section11-O-Ref.indd 2 12/10/2014 8:08:24 PM

