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Mixed Material Joining                                                                                                        Cost

        Differences in melting points                    1                                                                      5             New materials such as carbon
        between materials means that                                                                                                          fiber can cost significantly more

        traditional welding techniques                                                                                                        than traditional materials.
        must be innovated                                                                                                                     Supply Chain





                             Corrosion                                            Threatening                                    6            Manufacturers across the world
                                                                                                                                              must be able to source materials and
        Exposure to moisture can break                    2                                                                                   maintain the equipment to process
        down new materials over time,                                                   Factors                                               it. More complex materials are

        causing failure of vehicle systems.
                                                                                                                                              difficult to reproduce across the
                                                                                                                                              world, leading to supply chain
                                                                                                                                              disruptions.
                  Thermal Expansion
        As parts enter paint ovens, parts                3                                                                                    End-of-life Recycling

        made of some materials may                                                                                                7           Automotive materials should be
        expand or be coated differently                                                                                                       recyclable upon the retirement of a
                                                                                            9                                                 not meet recycling requirements.
        than other materials                                                                                                                  vehicle. Some advanced materials do


                             Cycle Time                                                                                                       Repair

         Parts made of innovative materials               4                              Talent Gap                              8           Repair costs are higher with more
         need to be manufactured at a                                        Engineers and manufacturing plant                               complex materials, which

         similar speed as traditional                                        workers need to be trained on new                               increases cost of ownership
         techniques to ensure a similar                                      complex materials and processes.                                including ongoing maintenance

         throughput                                                                                                                          fees.
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