Page 35 - T-I JOURNAL19 4
P. 35
682 SOHAR ET AL. GENDER DATA GAP 683
are they doing it, and what data are they col- transfer and commercialization affect women’s disparities in science. Nat Int Wkly J Sci. 16. Khan BZ. Married women’s property laws and
lecting? Are they collecting this data by participation in patenting and start-ups? What 2013;504(7479):211-213. female commercial activity: evidence from
discipline? initiatives exist to intentionally raise aware- 6. Nager A, Hart D, Ezell S, Atkinson RD. The United States patent records, 1790–1895. J Econ
b. What was the impetus for the pioneering ness of and to engage women in the technology demographics of innovation in the United States. Histor. 1996;56(02):356-388.
institutions to collect data? Who are they? transfer process? Washington (DC): Information Technology and 17. Whittington KB, Smith–Doerr L. Women
What specific characteristics do these institu- Innovation Foundation; 2016 [accessed 2016 inventors in context: disparities in patenting
tions have in common? Promoting Women’s Involvement in Patenting Sept 13]. http://www.inthekzone.com/report- across academia and industry. Gend Soc. 2008;
and Commercialization ranking-images-pdfs/2016-demographics-of- 22(2):194–218
Data Analysis to Identify Trends and/or Gender As Milli et al. (8) suggested, there is a need for innovation. pdf. 18. Hunt J, Garant J, Herman H, Munroe DJ. Why
Bias additional tools and resources to better understand 7. Stephan PE, El-Ganainy A. The entrepreneur- are women underrepresented amongst paten-
Further, substantive data gathered by those insti- and measure female participation in the innovation ial puzzle: explaining the gender gap. J Technol tees? Res Policy. 2013;42(4):831-843.
tutions should also be further analyzed to establish economy. This study is an initial analysis of such Trans. 2007;32(5):475-487. 19. Frietsch R, Haller I, Funken-Vrohlings M, Grupp
the degree of involvement in the patenting and com- systems and tools, and it is hoped that — by raising 8. Milli J, Gault B, Williams-Baron E, Xia J, Berlan H. Gender-specific patterns in patenting and
mercialization process by women and to assess the awareness on a national level — more data will be M. The gender patenting gap. Washington (DC): publishing. Res Policy. 2009;38(4):590-599.
variables that impact participation rates in innovation made available for institutions to utilize and create Institute for Women’s Policy Research; 2016 20. Ashcraft C, Breitzman A. Who invents IT?
based on gender. Areas for further research include: strategies and mechanisms to help address the issue of [accessed 2016 Sept 13]. http://www. ipwatchdog. Women’s participation in information technol-
gender disparity and increase the inclusion of women com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/gender-pat- ogy patenting. Boulder (CO): National Center
a. At participating institutions, what percent of in the innovation lifecycle, particularly at the uni-
total disclosures/patents included women? versity disclosure and patenting level. If universities ent-gap.pdf. for Women & Information Technology; 2007
What does that percent look like across the become more informed about their gender metrics 9. Kahler A. Examining exclusion in woman-in- & 2012. [accessed 2017 Aug 17]. https://www.
institutions that participated in the survey? in IP development, they can better address imbal- ventor patenting: a comparison of educational ncwit.org/sites/default/files/resources/ 2012 who-
inventsit_web_1.pdf.
trends and patent data in the era of computer
b. Do institutions that track gender in relation to ances. Programs and outreach efforts can be targeted engineer Barbie. Am Univ J Gend Soc Policy 21. Blume-Kohout M. Understanding the gender
patenting and commercialization also track to help improve metrics, and culture changes can be
Law. 2011;19(3):773-798.
gender in relation to research funding? Is there explored/addressed and opportunities provided. The 10. Murray F, Graham L. Buying science and sell- gap in STEM fields entrepreneurship. U.S. Small
Business Administration Office of Advocacy
a correlation in the percentage of women with AUTM/WIC has ongoing initiatives to help address ing science: gender differences in the market Report No. 424. Washington (DC): Small
research funding and the percentage of women these challenges and continue to grow the knowl- for commercial science. Ind and Corp Change. Business Administration; 2014. [accessed 2017
involved in patenting and commercialization? edge base to provide strategies and resources. For 2007;16(4):657–689. July 11]. https://www.sba.gov/sites/ default/ files/
c. What is the entrepreneurial climate for institu- example, the WIC/MSC has begun the second phase 11. Garber S. Gender and the USPTO. Above Gender%20Gap%20in%20STEM%20Fields_0.
tions that are collecting data? What are indi- of the research outlined in this study: supplemental the Law. 2016 Mar 16. [accessed 2016 Sept pdf.
cators for promoting entrepreneurship in questions specifically related to commercialization 12]. http://abovethelaw.com/2016/03/gender- 22. Turk-Bicaki L, Berger A, Haxton C. Leaving
faculty? What incentive structures are there for tracking by gender added to the 2016 AUTM survey. and-the-uspto/. STEM: STEM Ph.D. holders in non-STEM
faculty at these institutions? This data will be addressed in future investigations 12. Ding WW, Murray F, Stuart TE. Gender differ- careers. Washington (DC): American Institutes
d. Do institutional structures for technology as a follow-up to this research.
ences in patenting in the academic life sciences. for Research; 2014. [accessed 2016 July 15].
Science. 2006;313:665–667. http://www.air.org/sites/default/files/down-
13. Whittington KB. Science and engineering loads/report/STEM%20nonacademic%20
careers in the United States: an analysis of mar- careers%20April14.pdf.
REFERENCES Disentangling effort and performance: a renewed kets and employment. Chicago (IL): University 23. Jensen J, Thursby GT, Thursby MC. The disclo-
look at gender differences in commercializ- of Chicago Press; 2009. Chapter 6, Patterns of sure and licensing of university inventions: ‘the
1. Thursby JG, Thursby MC. Gender patterns ing medical school research. J Technol Trans. Male and Female Scientific Dissemination in best we can do with the s**t we get to work with’.
of research and licensing activity of science 2012;37(4):478-489. Public and Private Science; p. 195-228. Int J Ind Organ. 2003;21(8):1271-1300.
and engineering faculty. J Technol Trans. 4. Sugimoto CR, Ni C, West JV, Larivière V. The 14. Carrasco I. Gender gap in innovation: an 24. Sohar K. Female inventors: tracking participation
2005;30(4):343-353. academic advantage: gender disparities in pat- institutionalist explanation. Manag Decis. in the commercialization process. Washington
2. Haeussler C, Colyvas JA. Breaking the ivory enting. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(5):[accessed 2016 2014;52(2):410-424. (DC): Association of University Technology
tower: academic entrepreneurship in the life Sept 13]; http://journals.plos.org/plosone/ 15. Macdonald AL. Feminine ingenuity: women Managers; 2015. [accessed 2016 Sept 1]. http://
sciences in UK and Germany. Res Policy. article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0128000. and invention in America. New York (NY): www.autm.net/AUTMMain/media/About/
2011;40(1):41-45. 5. Larivière V, Ni C, Gingras Y, Cronin B, Ballantine Books; 1992. Documents/WIC_Metrics_Data_Tracking.pdf.
3. Colyvas JA, Snellman K, Bercovitz J, Feldman M. Sugimoto CR. Bibliometrics: global gender

