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e. Availability of employment opportunities
People expect to have happiness, satisfaction, peace
and prosperity in life. All of them can be achieved
when people have better jobs and better income. There
is more establishment of industries and development
of commercial sectors more in terai region than in
hilly and mountain region. People get more job
opportunities in industries and commercial sectors in
terai region. Hence, people from other regions migrate Fig: 3
to terai region in serach of employment opportunities.
f. Political instability
During Maoist insurgency period in Nepal in the decade of 2050 B.S., there was no security
of people and their family members in mountain and hilly region. Hence, more and more
people were forced to migrate to different parts of Nepal especially in Kathmandu valley,
urban areas, district headquarters and terai region. Even after the solution of Maoist
problem, people who migrated from their places did not return to their original places.
As a result, there is unequal distribution of population in different parts of Nepal.

4.2 Ecosystem and Environment

Environment includes physical, biological and socio-cultural aspects which are related to
our life. There is presence of physical aspects like soil, water, air, minerals in environment.
They are also called abiotic components of environment. Similarly, there is presence of
biological aspects like plants, animals, birds, insects, etc. in environment. They are also
called biotic components of environment. There is deep inter-relationship between all
of them. Apart from that, certain natural cycles like food chain, water cycle, gaseous
cycle, change of seasons, regulation of temperature, recycling process, etc. take place
continuously and automatically in the earth. These all maintain balance in environment.
Ecosystem is the structural and functional unit in which there is inter-relationship between
biotic and abiotic components of environment. It is self-running and self-sustaining part
of environment.

Geographically, Nepal is divided into 3 regions. They are mountain, hilly and terai
region. These regions have diversity in physical structure, climate, temperature, plants,
animals, birds, insects, etc. Mountain region has very difficult land topography and
very cold climate. Hilly region has hills, slopy areas and moderate climate whereas terai
region has plain land, hot and humid climate. Due to these diversity, there is presence of
various types of ecosystems in all those regions. The diversity in all those regions affects
the structure and function of ecosystems. All the living beings including human beings
operate according to the existing ecosystem in the surrounding. Due to difference in
ecosystems, there is diversity in presence of living beings, their situations, behaviors, etc.

GREEN Health, Population and Environment Education Book-10 75