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250 UNIT III Nursing Conceptual Models

Germany is credited to Bekel. Although it is difficult identified many areas for further development in her
to fully assess the international application of the descriptions of the stages of theory development. She
SCDNT, it is clear that, over time, Germany and also described the development of the Science of
Thailand have been landmark examples of the Self-Care, which could include concepts such as elab-
more recent utilization of the SCDNT (Bekel, 2002; oration of operational functions of self-care agency
Harnucharunkul, 2012). The Luxembourg Ministry with the elements of sensation and perception, appraisal,
of Social Security and Health co-sponsorship of the and motivation, and determining the relevance of foun-
12th IOS World Congress marked the recognition dational capabilities and dispositions to discreet acts.
of the SCDNT as one of the frameworks for health There is a need to focus on the person in the situation
care for Luxembourg. and on capabilities for action and self-management. This
The following U.S. schools are among those with content has been expanded in the description of the
SCDNT curriculum frameworks (Berbiglia, 2011, 2012): foundational nursing Science of Self-Care (Denyes,
• Illinois Wesleyan University Orem, & Bekel, 2001).
• University of Tennessee at Chattanooga The IOS was established in 1993. The purpose of
• College of Saint Benedict the IOS is to advance nursing science and scholar-
• Anderson College ship through the use of Orem’s nursing conceptual-
• University of Toledo izations in nursing education, practice, and research.
• Alcorn State University The IOS publishes Self-Care, Dependent-Care &
• Southern University Baton Rouge Nursing, an open access online journal found on the
The influence of Orem’s SCDNT has continued at IOS website (http://www.orem-society.com/). Since
the international level through the translation of its inception, the IOS has sponsored international
Nursing Concepts of Practice into several languages conferences and maintains a record of the content of
(Spanish in 1993, German in 2002, and Japanese in these conferences.
2005) and the proliferation of SCDNT-based practice,
education, and research worldwide. Critique
Clarity
Further Development The terms Orem used are defined precisely. The lan-
From the time of publication of the first edition of guage of the theory is consistent with the twenty-first
Nursing: Concepts of Practice in 1971, Orem was century language used in action theory and philoso-
engaged in continual development of her conceptual- phy. The terminology of the theory is congruent
izations. She worked by herself and with colleagues. throughout. The term self-care has multiple meanings
The sixth and final edition was completed and pub- across disciplines; Orem defined the term and elabo-
lished in 2001. Her work with a group of scholars, rated the substantive structure of the concept in a way
known as the Orem Study Group, further developed that is unique while also congruent with other inter-
the various conceptualizations and structured nurs- pretations. Reference has been made to the difficulty
ing knowledge using elements of the theory. This of Orem’s language; however, the limitation generally
work led to the expression of a Theory of Dependent resides in the reader’s lack of familiarity with practical
Care (Taylor, Renpenning, Geden, et al., 2001) and science and with the field of action science. Once a
the foundational Science of Self-Care (Denyes, Orem, basic familiarity with the terminology of the SCDNT
& Bekel, 2001). is achieved, further reading and studying of Orem’s
Nursing: Concepts of Practice (Orem, 2001) is orga- work fosters a comprehensive understanding of her
nized with two foci: nursing as a unique field of view of nursing as a field of knowledge and as a field
knowledge and nursing as practical science. The text of practice.
includes an expansion, from earlier editions, of con-
tent on nursing science and the theory of nursing Simplicity
systems. Important work has been done on the nature Orem’s theory is expressed in a limited number of
of person and interpersonal features of nursing. Orem terms. These terms are defined and used consistently