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610 UNIT V Middle Range Nursing Theories

people are to deal with individuals facing their counselors for North Carolina and local and regional
mortality and the general lack of understanding hospice volunteers. Eakes is active in efforts to
of grief reactions experienced in response to loss improve the quality of care at the end of life and is a
situations. Motivated by this insight, her research member of the Board of Directors of the End of
investigated death anxiety among nursing personnel Life Care Coalition of Eastern North Carolina.
in long-term care settings and the exploration of grief In 2002, Eakes received the East Carolina University
resolution among hospice nurses. Scholar Teacher Award, which recognizes excellence in
In 1983, Eakes established a community-service integration of research into teaching practices. In 1999,
support group for individuals diagnosed with cancer Eakes received the Best of Image award for theory
and their significant others that she continues to publication presented by the Sigma Theta Tau
co-facilitate. Leadership of this group alerted her to International Honor Society of Nursing for her article,
the ongoing nature of grief reactions associated “Middle-Range Theory of Chronic Sorrow.” She was
with potentially life-threatening and chronic illness. a finalist in the Oncology Nursing Forum Excellence
While presenting her research at a Sigma Theta Tau in Writing Award in 1994. Other honors and awards
International conference in Taipei, Taiwan, in 1989, include the North Carolina Nurse Educator of the Year
she attended a presentation on chronic sorrow by by North Carolina Nurses Association in 1991 and
Mary Lermann Burke. She immediately made the Outstanding Researcher by the Beta Nu Chapter
connection between Burke’s description of chronic of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society for
sorrow in mothers of children with a myelomeningo- Nurses in 1994 and 1998. Eakes has served as a re-
cele disability and her observations of grief reactions viewer for Qualitative Health Research, an international
among the cancer support group members. interdisciplinary journal.
After the conference, Eakes contacted Burke to Eakes is Professor Emeritus at East Carolina
explore the possibility of collaborative research University College of Nursing. Prior to her retirement,
endeavors. They scheduled a meeting that included she taught undergraduate courses in psychiatric
Burke and her colleague, Margaret A. Hainsworth, and mental health nursing and nursing research, a
and Carolyn Lindgren, a colleague of Hainsworth. master’s-level course in nursing education, and an
The Nursing Consortium for Research on Chronic interdisciplinary graduate course titled “Perspectives
Sorrow (NCRCS) was an outcome of the first meeting on Death/Dying.” Currently, she is Director of Clinical
in the summer of 1989. Education at Vidant Medical Center in Greenville, NC
Subsequent to the NCRCS’s establishment, mem- (G. Eakes, personal communication, 2012).
bers conducted numerous collaborative qualitative
research studies on populations of individuals Mary Lermann Burke
affected with chronic or life-threatening conditions, Mary Lermann Burke was born in Sandusky, Ohio.
on family caregivers, and on bereaved individuals. She was awarded her initial nursing diploma from the
Eakes focused her studies on those diagnosed with Good Samaritan Hospital School of Nursing in
cancer, family caregivers of adult mentally ill children, Cincinnati in 1962, and a postgraduate certification
and individuals who have experienced the death of from Children’s Medical Center in the District of
a significant other. From 1992 to 1997, Eakes received Columbia. After several years of experience in pedi-
three research grant awards from the East Carolina atric nursing, Burke graduated Summa Cum Laude
University School of Nursing and two research with a bachelor’s degree in nursing from Rhode Island
grants from the Beta Nu Chapter of Sigma Theta Tau College in Providence. In 1982, she received her
International to support her research projects. master’s degree in parent-child nursing from Boston
In addition to her professional publications, University, where she was also awarded a Certificate
Eakes has conducted numerous presentations on in Parent-Child Nursing and Interdisciplinary Train-
issues related to grief-loss and death and dying to pro- ing in Developmental Disabilities from the Child
fessionals and lay groups at the local, state, national, Development Center of Rhode Island Hospital and
and international levels. She was heavily involved the Section on Reproductive and Developmental
with the training of sudden infant death syndrome Medicine at Brown University in Providence. In 1989,