Page 695 - alligood 8th edition_Neat

676 UNIT V Middle Range Nursing Theories

MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS—cont’d
Concepts 3 to 9 n Crises (e.g., accidents, burglaries, financial crises,
The conceptual ideas and definitions described illness requiring hospitalization)
above were used to develop specific foci for testing. n (Effect size 5 Medium)
Initially, Beck (1998) identified eight risk factors
for postpartum depression. Many studies have ex- 6. Social Support
panded areas where Beck determined that more Social support pertains to instrumental support (e.g.,
conceptual clarity was needed. babysitting, help with household chores) and emo-
Another important change is marriage. Through tional support. Structural features of a woman’s social
subsequent research, it was noted that there were network (husband or partner, family, and friends)
two marital factors of concern: marital status and include proximity of its members, frequency of con-
the nature of the marital relationship satisfaction tact, and number of confidants with whom the
(Beck, 2002b). Two other risk factors identified were woman can share personal matters. Lack of social
socioeconomic status and issues of unplanned and support is when a woman perceives that she is not
unwanted pregnancies. receiving the amount of instrumental or emotional
support she expects. (Effect size 5 Medium)
Concepts 3 to 15
These are major concepts found to be significant 7. Prenatal Anxiety
predictors or risk factors for postpartum depression Prenatal anxiety occurs during any trimester or
(Beck, 2002b). The most current interpretation of throughout the pregnancy. Anxiety refers to feelings
effect size was assigned from a metaanalysis of 138 of uneasiness or apprehension concerning a vague,
extant studies and is at the end of each concept defi- nonspecific threat. (Effect size 5 Medium)
nition (Beck, 2002b).
8. Marital Satisfaction
3. Prenatal Depression The degree of satisfaction with a marital relationship is
Depression during any or all of the trimesters of preg- assessed and includes how happy or satisfied the woman
nancy has been found to be the strongest predictor of is with certain aspects of her marriage, such as com-
postpartum depression. (Effect size 5 Medium) munication, affection, similarity of values (e.g., finances,
child care), mutual activity and decision making, and
4. Child Care Stress global well-being. (Effect size 5 Medium)
Child care stress pertains to stressful events related to
child care such as infant health problems and diffi- 9. History of Depression
culty in infant care pertaining to feeding and sleep- A woman has a history of depression if there is
ing. (Effect size 5 Medium) report of having had a bout of depression before this
pregnancy. (Effect size 5 Medium)
5. Life Stress
Life stress is an index of stressful life events during 10. Infant Temperament
pregnancy and postpartum. The number of life expe- The temperament is the infant’s disposition and per-
riences and the amount of stress created by each of sonality. Difficult temperament describes an infant
the life events are combined to determine the amount who is irritable, fussy, unpredictable, and difficult to
of life stress a woman is experiencing. Stressful life console. (Effect size 5 Medium)
events can be either negative or positive and can
include experiences such as the following: 11. Maternity Blues
n Marital changes (e.g., divorce, remarriage) Maternity blues was previously defined as a non-
n Occupational changes (e.g., job change) pathological condition after giving birth. Prolonged