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CHAPTER 37 State of the Art and Science of Nursing Theory 715

conferences alternate between the United States
Person Environment Health Nursing and other countries. The 2010, the conference was held
in Thailand. Parse’s Institute of Humanbecoming
Conceptual models of nursing and Watson’s Consortium on Caring Science draw
international applicants each year. The 12th Interna-
Grand theories, theories
tional Biennial Neuman Systems Model Symposium
was titled Enhancing Global Health with Nursing
Theories—NSM. This may be attributed to global
communication, increased world travel, and transla-
Middle range theories tion of nursing theory textbooks into other lan-
guages. Nurses around the world are embracing
nursing theory as they experience its utility in their
practice. Numerous nursing journals publish articles
by international scholars such as: Journal of Nursing
Themes
Scholarship, Nursing Science Quarterly, Journal of Ad-
Qualitative interpretation vanced Nursing, Visions: The Journal of Rogerian
Nursing Science,and International Journal for Human
Text Caring, to name a few.
Various editions of Nursing Theorists and Their
FIGURE 37-1 Middle-range theory in a generic structure of Work (Marriner Tomey, 1989, 1994; Marriner Tomey
nursing knowledge from quantitative research methods and & Alligood, 1998; 2002; 2006; Alligood & Marriner
qualitative research approaches. (Includes data from Fawcett, J. Tomey, 2010) and Nursing Theory: Utilization and Ap-
[2005]. Contemporary nursing knowledge: Nursing models and plication (Alligood & Marriner Tomey, 1997, 2002,
theories. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.)
2006; Alligood, 2010a) have been published in classi-
cal Chinese, which is Taiwanese, Finnish, German,
Application of middle-range theories in nursing Italian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, and Portuguese as
practice is improving nursing practice quality, whether well as international circulation to English-speaking
developed quantitatively or qualitatively. Both approaches countries. Publications demonstrate global interest in
are at the level of practice and develop useful nursing nursing conceptual models and nursing theories. In
knowledge. Consideration of middle-range theory in a addition, the theoretical works of international theo-
generic structure of knowledge reveals that theory from rists are included in this text: Evelyn Adam, Canada
the hypothetical-deductive method and theory from (Chapter 5). Roper, Logan, and Tierney, Scotland
qualitative approaches arrives at a similar level of abstrac- (Chapter 5), Katie Eriksson, Finland (Chapter 11),
tion. In spite of different philosophical bases, methods, Phil Barker, Ireland (Chapter 32), Kari Martinsen,
and approaches, the knowledge is at a similar level of Norway (Chapter 10), and Nightingale, England
abstraction (Figure 37–1). (Chapter 6). A PubMed search of nursing theory pub-
lications in each language possible in PubMed was
conducted on October 23, 2008, and again on August
Global Communities of Nursing 24, 2012, which is evidence of growth. (Table 37–1)
Scholars Current trends indicate that global consciousness has
In addition to the growth stimulated by a broader phi- arrived evidenced by nursing theory articles from
losophy of nursing science and emergence of middle- around the world in nursing journals in the United
range theories, a major contribution to the state of the States and other countries (Hisama, 1999; Im & Chang,
art and science of nursing theory is globalization of 2012; Tanaka, Katsuno, and Towako, et al., 2012). Sigma
communities of nurse scholars with vast communica- Theta Tau International with worldwide membership
tion via the Internet. Most nursing conceptual model and international conferences has contributed along
and theory societies or consortia have international with the Internet. The Journal of Nursing Scholarship
members. The International Orem Society biennial features articles from global members (Palese, Tomietto,