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Spectroscopic Atlas for Amateur Astronomers 4
18.4 Commented Spectra ............................................................................................................................ 83
19 Spectral Class M....................................................................................................... 90
19.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 90
19.2 Parameters of the Early to Late M-Class Stars................................................................................ 90
19.3 Spectral Characteristics of the M-Class ........................................................................................... 90
19.4 Commented Spectra ............................................................................................................................ 91
20 Spectral Sequence on the AGB .............................................................................. 93
20.1 Evolution of the Stars on the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) ..................................................... 93
20.2 The Spectral Sequence of the Mira Variables on the AGB ............................................................ 94
21 M(e) Stars on the AGB ............................................................................................. 95
21.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 95
21.2 Spectral Characteristics of the M(e) Stars on the AGB.................................................................. 95
21.3 Commented Spectra ............................................................................................................................ 95
22 Spectral Class S on the AGB................................................................................... 97
22.1 Overview and Spectral Characteristics ............................................................................................ 97
22.2 The Boeshaar – Keenan S–Classification System.......................................................................... 97
22.3 „Intrinsic“ and „Extrinsic“ („Symbiotic“) S-Stars ............................................................................. 98
22.4 Hints for the Observation of S–Class Stars ..................................................................................... 98
22.5 Commented Spectra ............................................................................................................................ 98
23 Carbon Stars on the AGB ......................................................................................103
23.1 Overview and Spectral Characteristics ..........................................................................................103
23.2 Competing Classification Systems..................................................................................................103
23.3 The Morgan Keenan (MK) – C System............................................................................................103
23.4 The „Revised MK System 1993“ .....................................................................................................104
23.5 Function of the Subclasses in the Evolution of Carbon Stars .....................................................105
23.6 Merrill Sanford Bands (MS) ..............................................................................................................105
23.7 Commented Spectra ..........................................................................................................................106
24 Post AGB Stars and White Dwarfs ......................................................................110
24.1 Position of Post AGB Stars in the Stellar Evolution ......................................................................110
24.2 Post AGB Stars....................................................................................................................................110
24.3 Spectral Features at Post AGB Stars...............................................................................................110
24.4 White Dwarfs ......................................................................................................................................110
24.5 Spectral Characteristics and Special Features of White Dwarfs ...............................................110
24.6 Classification System by McCook & Sion.......................................................................................111
24.7 Commented Spectra ..........................................................................................................................111
25 Supernovae..............................................................................................................114
25.1 Phenomenon of Supernova Explosion SN ......................................................................................114
25.2 Labelling of Supernovae....................................................................................................................114
25.3 Classification of SN Types ................................................................................................................114
25.4 Explosion Scenario "Core Collapse" ................................................................................................115
25.5 Explosion Scenario "Thermonuclear Carbon Fusion" ...................................................................115
25.6 SN Type Ia – Standard Candle .........................................................................................................115
25.7 Spectral Determination-Diagram for the SN Type ........................................................................115
