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Spectroscopic Atlas for Amateur Astronomers 5
25.8 SN Type Ia – Features in the Optical Spectral Range ..................................................................116
26 Extragalactic Objects .............................................................................................119
26.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................119
26.2 Morphological Classification............................................................................................................119
26.3 Spectroscopic Classification ............................................................................................................120
26.4 Rough Scheme for Spectroscopic Classification ..........................................................................121
26.5 Absorption Line Galaxies ..................................................................................................................122
26.6 LINER Galaxies....................................................................................................................................122
26.7 Starburst Galaxies ..............................................................................................................................123
26.8 The phenomenon of AGN (Active Galactic Nuclei) .......................................................................124
26.9 Seyfert Galaxies..................................................................................................................................124
26.10 Quasars ................................................................................................................................................126
26.11 Blazars and BL Lacertae Objects (BL LAC's) ..................................................................................129
26.12 List of Quasars Brighter than Magnitude 15m (DVAA) .................................................................130
27 Star Clusters............................................................................................................138
27.1 Short Introduction and Overview.....................................................................................................138
27.2 Open Clusters......................................................................................................................................138
27.3 Globular Clusters ................................................................................................................................138
27.4 Spectroscopic Analysis of Star Clusters.........................................................................................138
27.5 Spectroscopic Age-Estimation of Star Clusters by Amateurs.....................................................139
27.6 The Pleiades - Analysis by Individual Spectra ...............................................................................140
27.7 Age estimation of M45......................................................................................................................141
27.8 Globular Clusters – Analysis by Integrated Spectra.....................................................................141
27.9 Age Estimation of M3, M5 and M13...............................................................................................142
28 Emission Nebulae ...................................................................................................146
28.1 Short Introduction and Overview.....................................................................................................146
28.2 H ll Regions..........................................................................................................................................146
28.3 Planetary Nebulae PN – The Most Significant Subgroup of Emission Nebulae ......................146
28.4 Protoplanetary Nebulae.....................................................................................................................146
28.5 Supernova Remnants SNR ................................................................................................................147
28.6 Wolf Rayet Nebulae WR ....................................................................................................................147
28.7 Common Spectral Characteristics of Emission Nebulae .............................................................147
28.8 Emission Line Diagnostics and Excitation Classes ࡱ ...................................................................148
28.9 Remarks to the Determination of Excitation Classes and Recording of Spectra ....................149
28.10 The Excitation Class as an Indicator for Plasma Diagnostics .....................................................150
28.11 Emission Lines identified in the Spectra of Nebulae....................................................................150
28.12 Commented Spectra ..........................................................................................................................150
28.13 Distinguishing Characteristics in the Spectra of Emission Nebulae .........................................156
29 Reflectance Spectra of Solar System Bodies ....................................................168
29.1 Overview ..............................................................................................................................................168
29.2 Commented Spectra ..........................................................................................................................168
29.3 Reflectance Spectra of Mars and Venus ........................................................................................168
29.4 Reflectance spectra of Jupiter and Saturn ....................................................................................168
29.5 Reflectance spectra of Uranus, Neptune and Saturn-Moon Titan .............................................168
29.6 Comet C/2009 P1 Garradd ..............................................................................................................169
