Page 454 - (DK) The Ultimate Visual Dictionary 2nd Ed.

THE VISUAL AR TS
EXAMPLES OF
Sculpture 1 MARBLE CARVING TOOLS

THE TWO TRADITIONAL METHODS OF MAKING SCULPTURE are carving and modeling.
A carved sculpture is made by cutting away the surplus from a block of hard material
such as stone, marble, or wood. The tools used for carving vary according to the 2½ lb
material being carved. Heavy steel points, claws, and chisels that are struck with (1.1 kg)
a lump hammer are generally used for stone and marble. Sharp gouges and chisels iron head
that are struck with a wooden mallet are used for wood. Sculptures formed from
hard materials are generally finished by filing with rasps, rifflers, and other abrasive
implements. Modeling is a process by which shapes are built up, using malleable Ash
handle
materials such as clay, plaster, and wax. The material is cut with wire-ended tools
and modeled with the fingers or a variety of hardwood and metal implements. For
large or intricate modeled sculptures an armature (frame), made from metal or
wood, is used to provide internal support. Sculptures formed in soft materials
may harden naturally or can be made more durable by firing in a kiln. Modeled
sculptures are often first designed in wax or another material to be cast later in a
metal (see pp. 454-455) such as bronze. The development of many new materials in
LUMP HAMMER
the 20th century has enabled sculptors to experiment with new techniques such as
construction (joining preformed pieces of material such as machine components,
mirrors, and furniture) and kinetic (mobile) sculpture.
CALLIPERS

Gap measures
EXAMPLES OF WOOD-CARVING TOOLS
Curved leg distance between
two points on a
sculpture
CABINET RASP

STRAIGHT GOUGE WIDE NARROW
MARBLE MARBLE
CLAW CLAW
SALMON BEND GOUGE
POINT
Wing nut

CHISEL
Stone for FLAT CHISEL
sharpening
wood-carving
tools
EXAMPLES OF RIFFLERS
(FOR STONE, MARBLE, AND WOOD) BULLNOSE CHISEL

Cedar
box
12 IN (30 CM) RIFFLER
Surface for
ARKANSAS sharpening
HONE-STONE stone-carving
CARVING
6 IN (15 CM) RIFFLER tools DIAMOND WHETSTONE
MALLET
452