Page 17 - All About History - Issue 11-14

Science

Extinction is EVOLUTION EVOLVES
made fact
FRANCE 1796 ENGLAND 1859
155 years after its monumental discovery by Charles Darwin, despite fanatical
French naturalist and zoologist Georges opposition by sectarian groups, evolution remains one of the greatest scientific
Cuvier was one of the best-known and revelations of all time. He theorised that all species on Earth are descended from
celebrated scientists of his time and, one common ancestor, and that any species’ survival is driven by the process of
thanks to his work, he helped found natural selection, challenging the previously dominant creationist view. After On
the field of vertebrate palaeontology The Origin Of Species was published a more evidence-based theory was revealed.
and established that the process of
extinction was a fact. His most famous
work was a book entitled The Animal
Kingdom, published in Paris in 1817.

Charles Darwin formed modern
Georges Cuvier’s name is among the understanding of evolution
72 inscribed on the Eiffel Tower

O Franklin kite legend O Faraday discovers
Benjamin Franklin electromagnetic induction O Planck radiates brilliance O Feynman makes a O Mapping the
proves that lighting Along with his discoveries Max Planck, a German quantum leap human genome
is electrical by of electrolysis and theoretical physicist, creates Legendary American physicist The Human Genome
allegedly (but diamagnetism, English his theory on black Richard Feynman advances the Project, an international
most probably experimental scientist body radiation. field of quantum scientific research
not actually) Michael Faraday discovers His studies electrodynamics project set up to
flying a kite electromagnetic induction help to form and, as a determine the sequence
in a storm. He and demonstrates it by the basis of consequence, of chemical base pairs
later invents wrapping two wires around quantum quantum field that make up human
the lightning rod. Benjamin Franklin, scientist opposite sides on an iron theory. theory. DNA, completes its
Max Planck
1751 CE and American founding father torus ring. 1831 CE 1900 CE studied radiation 1948 CE Richard first draft of the human
genome. 2001 CE
Feynman
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2010 2014

O Smallpox is defeated O An idea germinates O The Milky Way is not O Dolly is cloned O 99.999 per cent certain
Thanks to the pioneering for Louis the only galaxy The first mammal to be The Higgs boson – a
work of English French chemist and American astronomer cloned from an adult particle initially theorised
physician Edward microbiologist Louis Edwin Hubble somatic cell using the in 1964 that is responsible
Jenner, in which Pasteur formulates his discovers that our own process of nuclear transfer for creating the Higgs field,
he identifies the Edward germ theory of disease, galaxy, the Milky Way, is completed at the Roslin something pivotal to the
similarities between Jenner which states that some is just one of many such Institute at the University Standard Model of particle
cowpox and smallpox, diseases are caused by galaxies, establishing of Edinburgh, creating the physics – is discovered
a vaccine is developed to stop the microorganisms invisible the field of extragalactic Our understanding of the now-famous sheep Dolly. with a certainty of 99.999
deadly latter. 1796 CE to the naked eye. 1861 CE astronomy. 1924 CE cosmos is constantly expanding 1997 CE per cent. 2012 CE
Einstein has a
THE ORIGINAL X-MAN special year

GERMANY 1895 SWITZERLAND 1905
Albert Einstein published not one
On 8 November 1895, German scientist but four groundbreaking papers
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen produced in the scientific journal Annalen
and detected electromagnetic radiation Der Physik in 1905. These four
articles would form the basis of
in a wavelength that today we know
modern physics, changing human
as X-rays. The achievement won him understanding of space, time, mass
the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 and and energy forever. Famously,
today he is considered the father of Einstein wrote the four papers while
working as an examiner at the
diagnostic radiology. Unfortunately for
Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland,
Röntgen, his original name for the rays, where he sounded out his
‘Röntgen rays’, never caught on. Wilhelm Röntgen pioneering theories on his co-worker Albert Einstein is perhaps the most iconic © Look and Learn; Alamy; Thinkstock
and close friend Michele Besso.
discovered X-rays scientist of the 20th century
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