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272                                                         Index

                     opposition to hudud (Islamic laws),   ethnic composition, of constituencies,
                        136                           20, 22, 64, 65, 238
                     percentages of Malay support for, 73  ethnic distribution, of electoral support,
                     popular vote in relation to the size of   63, 67–8, 71
                        the Chinese electorate, 70  ethnic ‘groups-in-con ict’, 61
                     Sekolah Demokrasi initiative, 134–6  ethnicity-based parties, formation of, 61
                     underestimation of Malay support, 75  ethnic power-sharing, policy of, 83,
                     vote share, 72                   90–1, 105
                  democratisation by elections, 8, 246  ethnonationalistic campaigning, rise of,
                  developing economies, 252           125
                  Dewan Pemuda PAS, 133            Exim bank of China, 92
                  digital-media campaigning, 124
                  dominant party                   Facebook, 92, 113, 115–17, 121, 124,
                     fall of, 2, 8–10, 17, 43–5       126, 137, 144, 184, 194, 199,
                     power of, 43                     201–2, 248
                                                      advertisements, 115, 123
                  East Coast Rail Link, 92            response to the CA scandal, 123
                  East Malaysia, 2, 4–5, 8, 91, 93, 101,   factional warfare, 238
                     105, 142, 233, 235, 241, 258  Fahmi Fadzil, 114, 124–5
                  echo chambers, 112, 127          Fall of the Public Man (1976), 127
                  economic empowerment, 125        Farish Noor, 175
                  economic restructuring, 259      fatwas, 171
                  Edge,  e                         Federal Constitution, 157, 213
                     Edge Financial Daily,  e, 89     Article 11(4) of, 154
                     Edge Weekly,  e, 89               irteenth Schedule of, 214, 222,
                     investigations into 1MDB scandal, 89  241
                  Election Commission (EC), 7, 20, 93,   Federal Land Development Authority
                     139, 144, 200, 214, 222, 257     (FELDA), 42, 51, 92, 94
                  electoral dominance, 45–6, 119      FELDA Global Ventures (FGV), 4,
                  electoral politics, in Malaysia, 5, 78, 82,   91
                     133, 139, 145, 149, 177, 205   federal–state relations, in Sarawak, 101
                     multiethnic coalitions of, 83–4  female leadership, 175, 179
                  elite di erentiation, 56         femininity, Islamic concepts of, 188
                  elite fragmentation, 42–5, 58    feudal loyalty, 5
                     and fall of a dominant party, 43–5   ght against corruption, 171
                     and party splits, 56           rst-mover advantage (FMA), 82
                  Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 153        rst-past-the-post (FPTP) electoral
                  ethnic-Chinese community, 39        system, 106n5, 211
                     domination of urban areas, 259   ‘backbench revolts’ for check-and-
                     voters of, 24–5, 31                 balance, 238
                  ethnic composition, in Peninsular   bene t of, 211
                     Malaysia, 20                     built-in instability of permanent
                     performance of political parties by, 22  coalitions, 238






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