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their own learning thus improves their academic performance (Ryan and Deci, 2000).
Metacognition is a skill that is teachable based on research evidence presented by Schraw
(1998). Schraw argue metacognition being a multidimensional knowledge and can be thought
to students. He suggested instructional strategies which will promote construction and
acquisition of awareness about metacognition; 1) Promoting general awareness 2) Improving
self-knowledge and regulatory skills 3) Promoting learning environments that are conducive to
the construction and use of metacognition.
One of the tools to teach metacognition is project-based assignment to promote and
enhances collaboration between group members where they clarify ideas, negotiate meaning,
develop new skills and construct new knowledge King (1997). Research by Daiute & Dalton
(1993) also showed project-based activity having positive impact on students general
understanding of metacognition. Another potentially beneficial tool is diagnostic test conducted
at the beginning of the course. This test must be constructed to be difficult in a way that it will
encourage student to use metacognition. Thus, facilitating student to start being metacognitive
early in the course. From the findings we saw student respond best towards their unsatisfactory
grade.
Teacher could also use formative self-assessment to help students improve their current
and lifelong learning (Black and William, 2009). Self-assessment is a reflective process where
specific criteria are used help student make judgement on their previous decision in education
progress (Ambrose et al., 2010). An example of self-assessment activity is reflective
journaling where student reflect on the following questions; 1) How will performing this task
impact their learning? 2) Why is it worth their time and effort? For this activity to be successful,
student need to become clear of why reflective journaling is beneficial to them. Teacher must
be explicit about the impact of the activity to learning so that student is willing to partake
wholeheartedly (Brazeal and Couch (2017).

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