Page 796 - Hall et al (2015) Principles of Critical Care-McGraw-Hill

References 3

61. Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, Kollef MH. A comparative 78. Azoulay E, Timsit JF, Tafflet M, et al. Candida colonization of
analysis of patients with early-onset vs late-onset nosocomial the respiratory tract and subsequent pseudomonas ventilator-
pneumonia in the ICU setting. Chest. 2000;117:1434-1442. associated pneumonia. Chest. 2006;129:110-117.
62. Rello J, Sa-Borges M, Correa H, Leal SR, Baraibar J. Variations 79. Chevret S, Hemmer M, Carlet J, Langer M. Incidence and risk
in etiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia across four treat- factors of pneumonia acquired in intensive care units. Results
ment sites: implications for antimicrobial prescribing practices. from a multicenter prospective study on 996 patients. European
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:608-613. Cooperative Group on Nosocomial Pneumonia. Intensive Care
63. Bruynseels P, Jorens PG, Demey HE, et al. Herpes simplex virus Med. 1993;19:256-264.
in the respiratory tract of critical care patients: a prospective 80. Joshi N, Localio AR, Hamory BH. A predictive risk index for
study. Lancet. 2003;362:1536-1541. nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit. Am J Med.
64. Luyt CE. Virus diseases in ICU patients: a long time underes- 1992;93:135-142.
timated; but be aware of overestimation. Intensive Care Med. 81. Antonelli M, Moro ML, Capelli O, et al. Risk factors for early
2006;32:968-970. onset pneumonia in trauma patients. Chest. 1994;105:224-248.
65. Luyt CE, Combes A, Deback C, et al. Herpes simplex virus lung 82. Cunnion KM, Weber DJ, Broadhead WE, Hanson LC, Pieper
infection in patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventila- CF, Rutala WA. Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia: com-
tion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:935-942. paring adult critical-care populations. Am J Respir Crit Care
66. Chiche L, Forel JM, Papazian L. The role of viruses in nosoco- Med. 1996;153:158-162.
mial pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011;24:152-156. 83. Daschner F, Kappstein I, Engels I, et al. Stress ulcer prophy-
67. Papazian L, Fraisse A, Garbe L, et al. Cytomegalovirus. An laxis and ventilation pneumonia: prevention by antibacte-
unexpected cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia. rial cytoprotective agents? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
Anesthesiology. 1996;84:280-287. 1988;9:59-65.
68. Heininger A, Haeberle H, Fischer I, et al. Cytomegalovirus 84. Garibaldi RA, Britt MR, Coleman ML, Reading JC, Pace
reactivation and associated outcome of critically ill patients with NL. Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. Am J Med.
severe sepsis. Crit Care. 2011;15:R77. 1981;70:677-680.
69. Heininger A, Jahn G, Engel C, Notheisen T, Unertl K, Hamprecht K. 85. Tillotson JR, Finland M. Secondary pulmonary infections
Human cytomegalovirus infections in nonimmunosuppressed following antibiotic therapy for primary bacterial pneumonia.
critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:541-547. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 1968;8:326-330.
70. Delisle MS, Williamson DR, Perreault MM, Albert M, Jiang X, 86. Spencer RC. Predominant pathogens found in the European
Heyland DK. The clinical significance of Candida colonization Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care Study. Eur J Clin
of respiratory tract secretions in critically ill patients. J Crit Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;15:281-285.
Care. 2008;23:11-17. 87. Johanson WG, Pierce AK, Sanford JP, Thomas GD. Nosocomial
71. el-Ebiary M, Torres A, Fabregas N, et al. Significance of the respiratory infections with gram-negative bacilli. The signifi-
isolation of Candida species from respiratory samples in criti- cance of colonization of the respiratory tract. Ann Intern Med.
cally ill, non-neutropenic patients. An immediate postmortem 1972;77:701-706.
histologic study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:583-590. 88. Rello J, Ausina V, Ricart M, et al. Risk factors for infection by
72. Rello J, Esandi ME, Diaz E, Mariscal D, Gallego M, Valles J. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with ventilator-associated
The role of Candida sp isolated from bronchoscopic samples in pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 1994;20:193-198.
nonneutropenic patients. Chest. 1998;114:146-149. 89. Jarvis WR, Edwards JR, Culver DH, et al. Nosocomial infection
73. Williamson DR, Albert M, Perreault MM, et al. The relation- rates in adult and pediatric intensive care units in the United
ship between Candida species cultured from the respiratory States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System.
tract and systemic inflammation in critically ill patients with Am J Med. 1991;91:185S-191S.
ventilator-associated pneumonia. Can J Anaesth. 2011;58:275- 90. D’Amico R, Pifferi S, Leonetti C, Torri V, Tinazzi A, Liberati
284. A. Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in critically ill adult
74. Wood GC, Mueller EW, Croce MA, Boucher BA, Fabian TC. patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trials.
Candida sp. isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage: clinical sig- BMJ. 1998;316:1275-1285.
nificance in critically ill trauma patients. Intensive Care Med. 91. Sirvent JM, Torres A, El-Ebiary M, Castro P, de Batlle J, Bonet
2006;32:599-603. A. Protective effect of intravenously administered cefuroxime
75. Ader F, Jawhara S, Nseir S, et al. Short term Candida albi- against nosocomial pneumonia in patients with structural
cans colonization reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa-related lung coma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:1729-1734.
injury and bacterial burden in a murine model. Crit Care. 92. George DL, Falk PS, Wunderink RG, et al. Epidemiology of
2011;15:R150. ventilator-acquired pneumonia based on protected broncho-
76. Nseir S, Jozefowicz E, Cavestri B, et al. Impact of antifungal scopic sampling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:1839-1847.
treatment on Candida-Pseudomonas interaction: a preliminary 93. de Man P, Verhoeven BA, Verbrugh HA, Vos MC, van den
retrospective case-control study. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33: Anker JN. An antibiotic policy to prevent emergence of resistant
137-142. bacilli [see comments]. Lancet. 2000;355:973-978.
77. Roux D, Gaudry S, Dreyfuss D, et al. Candida albicans impairs 94. Feeley TW, Du Moulin GC, Hedley-Whyte J, Bushnell LS,
macrophage function and facilitates Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gilbert JP, Feingold DS. Aerosol polymyxin and pneumonia in
pneumonia in rat. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:1062-1067. seriously ill patients. N Engl J Med. 1975;293:471-475.

Section04-O-ref.indd 3 1/21/2015 11:23:24 AM