Page 743 - Clinical Application of Mechanical Ventilation

Glossary 709

assist/control (AC): In the assist/control (AC) mode, the patient may increase the frequency (assist) in addition to the
preset mechanical frequency (control). Each assist breath provides the preset mechanical tidal volume.
atropine sulfate: A medication used to reduce vagal response, oral secretions, and bronchospasm during bronchoscopy.
autoclave: A method of sterilization using steam pressure, usually at 250°F (121°C) for a specific length of time. (Up
to 275°F or 135°C for reusable LMAs.)
automatic tube compensation (ATC): A mode of ventilation that offsets and compensates for the airflow resistance
imposed by the artificial airway.
automode: This mode provides time-triggered, PRVC breaths when prolonged apnea is detected (12, 8, and 5 sec in
adult, pediatric, and neonatal modes, respectively).
auto-PEEP: Unintentional PEEP associated with pressure support ventilation, high tidal volume and frequency,
inadequate inspiratory flow, excessive I-time, inadequate E-time, and air trapping.
barbiturates: A group of drugs that depress the central nervous system. Adverse effects are many, including alteration
of the respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature. They are used in seizure disorders, control of
elevated intracranial pressure.
barotrauma (volutrauma): Air leak into the pleural space caused by excessive pressure or volume in the lung
parenchyma.
benzodiazepines: A group of drugs with strong hypnotic and sedative actions; used mainly to reduce anxiety and to
induce sleep.
bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP): An airway pressure strategy that applies independent positive airway pressures
(PAP) to both inspiration and expiration.
biphasic positive airway pressure (BiPAP): A mode that has two baseline pressures (P INSP and PEEP). It allows
spontaneous breathing at any point in the mechanical ventilation cycle.

blind distal end: The far end of a tube without an opening.
blind intubation: Insertion of an artificial airway without use of visual aid or under direct vision.
brachial plexopathy: Decreased movement or sensation in the arm and shoulder.
bronchial brushing: Tissue or loosened cell specimens collected by a shielded small brush using a brushing motion.
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carbon dioxide elimination (VCO ): A technology to monitor and measure cardiac output based on changes in
2
respiratory CO concentration during a period of rebreathing.
2
cardiac index (CI): A cardiac output measurement relative to a person’s body size.
cardiac output: Blood volume pumped by the heart in 1 min. Normal range is 4–8 L/min.
carina: The point at the lower end of the trachea separating openings of the main-stem bronchi.

cathartic agents: Active purgatives used to produce bowel movements.
central venous pressure (CVP): Pressure measured in the vena cava or right atrium. It reflects the status of blood
volume in the systemic circulation. Right ventricular preload.
cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP): Pressure required to provide blood flow, oxygen, and metabolite to the brain. It is a
function of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intracranial pressure (ICP). CPP 5 MAP 2 ICP. Normal range 5
70–80 mm Hg.
chest tube (thoracostomy tube): A tube that connects the pleural space and drainage system for removal of air or fluid.
chronotropic: Affecting the heart rate.
circuit compressible volume: Expansion of the ventilator circuits during inspiration leading to a small “lost” volume of
gas that does not reach the patient, but is recorded as part of the expired tidal volume.
clinical pulmonary infection score: An objective scoring system to use as an additional aid in the diagnosis of
ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and decision on antimicrobial therapy.

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