Page 745 - Clinical Application of Mechanical Ventilation

Glossary 711

esophageal gastric tube airway (EGTA): A tube used in esophageal intubation. It has a patent distal end to relieve
gastric distention.
esophageal obturator airway (EOA): A tube that has a closed (blind) distal end and it is inserted into the esophagus.
esophageal-tracheal combitube (ETC): An airway that may be inserted into the esophagus or trachea.
eucapnic ventilation: The amount of ventilation to provide and maintain a patient’s normal PaCO .
2
expiratory positive airway pressure: An airway pressure that is above 0 cm H O at end-expiration.
2
expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP): An airway pressure that is above 0 cm H O during the expiratory phase of
2
a respiratory cycle.
expiratory time (T E ): Time period from beginning expiration to beginning inspiration of next mechanical or
spontaneous breath.
extracellular fluid (ECF): Fluid in the plasma and interstitial space. It accounts for 20% of total body water and is
mainly affected by the sodium concentration in the plasma.
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): Oxygenation of blood outside the body through a membrane
oxygenator.
fiberoptic bronchoscope: An instrument that uses glass fibers to transmit images of the airway for diagnostic or
therapeutic procedures under direct vision.
flow rate: Peak flow during the inspiratory phase. It determines how fast the tidal volume is delivered to the patient.
flow-triggered: Flow-triggering strategy uses a combination of continuous flow and demand flow. Before inspiration,
the delivered flow equals the return flow. As the patient initiates a breath, the return flow to the ventilator is
decreased, and this flow differential triggers a mechanical breath.
flow-volume loop (FVL): Graphic display of changes in flow and volume during a complete respiratory cycle.
forceps biopsy: Tissue specimens collected by the forceps located at the distal end of the insertion tube.
full-face mask: An interface that covers almost the entire face of a patient.
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): A major central nervous system inhibitory transmitter that regulates the chloride
ion channel and hyperpolarizes the neurons. Once the neurons are hyperpolarized and become resistant to repeated
depolarization, sedation results.
gastrointestinal (GI): Organ system including the stomach and intestines.
Glasgow coma scale: A scoring system to determine the degree of traumatic brain injury; score of 13 to 14 (mild),
score of 9 to 12 (moderate), score of 3 to 8 (severe).
Gram stain: A method for staining bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Staphlococcus) retain the gentian violet
(purple) color, and gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas) take the red counterstain.
haloperidol (Haldol): A drug for the control of delirium in mechanically ventilated patients.
hemodynamic monitoring: Measurement of the blood pressure in the vessels or heart chambers during contraction
(systole) and relaxation (diastole).
hepatic perfusion: Blood flow to the liver. It is decreased when the blood volume or cardiac output is low.
high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV): Ventilation through a specially designed endotracheal tube, generally at a
frequency between 240 and 660/min (4 to 11 Hz).
high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV): Ventilation produced by a piston pump or loudspeaker, usually at a
frequency between 480 and 1,800/min.

high frequency ventilation (HFV): A type of ventilation that uses very high frequencies. It is subdivided into three
categories: high frequency positive pressure ventilation (60 to 150 cycles per minute); high frequency jet
ventilation (240 to 660 cycles per minute); and high frequency oscillatory ventilation (480 to 1,800 cycles per
minute).

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