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                  264    PA R T  III / Assessment of Heart Disease

                                                                        6. Grant, M. S. (2003). The effect of blood drawing techniques and equip-
                  Table 11-6 ■ THERAPEUTIC REFERENCE RANGES AND           ment on the hemolysis of ED laboratory blood samples. Journal of Emer-
                                                                          gency Nursing, 29(2), 116–121.
                  TOXIC LEVELS OF COMMON CARDIAC DRUGS
                                                                        7. Kennedy, C., Angermuller, S., King, R., et al. (1996). A comparison of
                  Drug                 Therapeutic Range Toxic Level      hemolysis rates using intravenous catheters versus venipuncture tubes
                                                                          for obtaining blood samples. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 22(6),
                  Amiodarone           1.5–2.5 mg/L      3.5 mg/L         566–569.
                  Digitoxin            9–25 ng/ml        30 ng/ml       8. Cox, S. R., Dages, J. H., Jarjoura, D., et al. (2004). Blood samples drawn
                  Digoxin              0.5–2.0 ng/ml    2.5 ng/ml         from IV catheters have less hemolysis when 5-mL (vs 10-mL) collection
                  Diltiazem            40–200 ng/ml                       tubes are used. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 30(6), 529–533.
                  Flecainide           0.2–1.0 mg/L     1.0 mg/L        9. Corbo, J., Fu, L., Silver, M., et al. (2007). Comparison of laboratory val-
                  Lidocaine            1.4–6.0 mg/L     6.0 mg/L          ues obtained by phlebotomy versus saline lock devices. Academic Emer-
                  N-Acetylprocainamide (NAPA)  30 mg/L   30 mg/L          gency Medicine, 14(1), 23–27.
                  Nifedipine           25–100 ng/ml                    10. Sliwa, C. M. Jr. (1997). A comparative study of hematocrits drawn from
                  Phenytoin            10–20 μg/ml (total)   20 μg/ml (total)  a standard venipuncture and those drawn from a saline lock device. Jour-
                                       1-2 mg/L (free)   2.0 mg/L (free)  nal of Emergency Nursing, 23(3), 228–231.
                  Procainamide         4.0–8.0 mg/L     12 mg/L        11. Arrants, J., Willis, M. E., Stevens, B., et al. (1999). Reliability of an in-
                  Propafenone          64–1044 ng/ml                      travenous intermittent access port (saline lock) for obtaining blood sam-
                  Propranolol          50–100 ng/ml     1000ng/mL         ples for coagulation studies. American Journal of Critical Care, 8(5),
                  Quinidine            2.0–5.0 mg/L     7.0 mg/L          344–348.
                  Theophylline         10–20 mg/ml      20 mg/ml       12. Jacobs, D. S., & DeMott, W. R. (2001). Laboratory test handbook (5th
                  Verapamil            50–200 ng/ml     400 ng/ml         ed.) Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp/NC.
                                                                       13. National Cholesterol Education Program. (2001). Executive summary of
                                                                          the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)
                  From Wallach, J. (2007). Therapeutic drug monitoring and drug effects. In Interpreta-  Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cho-
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                                                                       14. Oxley, D. K., Garg, U., & Olsowka, E. S. (2001). Maximizing the in-
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                                                                                                      6
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                                                                                                      6
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