Page 365 - Encyclopedia of Nursing Research

332 n NuRSING DIAGNOSeS, INTeRveNTIONS, AND OuTCOMeS

patients mediate between the medical role
of fighting disease and the patients’ per- NursiNg diagNoses,
N spectives (Steeves, Cohen, & Wise, 1994). iNterveNtioNs, aNd
The link between meaning making and the
experience of illness and treatment may outcomes: NaNda-i,
help elucidate important nursing interven- NursiNg iNterveNtioNs
tions that can assist patients in meaning classificatioN, aNd NursiNg
making in ways that are helpful to cop-
ing with their experiences and symptoms outcomes classificatioN
(Kleinman, 1988).
understanding experiences of ill-
nesses, disability, and treatments of mem- efforts to build a knowledge base that sup-
bers of diverse cultures is important but ports professional practice and improves
currently limited. Many have argued for quality of care provided by nurses in a vari-
the need to understand clients’ lived expe- ety of settings across the health care contin-
riences and their interactions to provide uum are ongoing. essential to this knowledge
quality nursing care (Cohen & Palos, 2001). base are knowledge of nursing diagnoses,
Producing unbiased and culturally appro- patient outcomes, and nursing interventions
priate knowledge is both important and (Lavin, Meyers, & ellis, 2007). The need for
complex (Cohen, Phillips, & Palos, 2001). standardized nursing languages (SNL) has
This knowledge is important because those been discussed in nursing literature for the
from diverse cultures may differ in ways past four decades (Dochterman & Jones,
that profoundly affect their health, what 2003; Jones, 1997; Lange & Jacox, 1993; Keenan
we need to assess, and the interventions & Aquilino, 1998; Maas, 1985; McCloskey &
that will be effective. Bulechek, 1994; McCormick, 1991; Salive &
Despite consensus about the importance Archibald, 1992, 1993; Zielstorff, 1994). Today,
of understanding patients’ perspectives, this need is even greater because of the chal-
patients’ descriptions show a consistent and lenge of developing and implementing elec-
persistent discrepancy between their views tronic clinical information systems to support
of their health care experiences and profes- health care in the united States and globally
sionals’ understandings of these experiences (Brokel & Heath, 2009).
(e.g., see Lule et al., 2009). The meanings that Three standardized terminologies rec-
patients attribute to their experiences help ognized by the American Nurses Association
determine what needs they have and how provide language to facilitate the use of SNLs
these needs can best be met. Since action in practice, education, and research. These
is based on meanings, common meanings terminologies are the diagnoses developed
between nurses and patients will provide the by NANDA International, the interventions
most effective base for helpful nurse–patient of the Nursing Interventions Classification
relationships. Research indicates that nurses (NIC), and the outcomes of the Nursing
need to understand patients’ perspectives to Outcomes Classification (NOC). Abdellah
deliver effective nursing care but that often, (1969) believed that nursing diagnoses were
nurses assume they know what patients need the foundation of nursing science. The use
without eliciting patients’ actual concerns. of SNL began in the 1970s with the forma-
effective assessment is the essential basis for tion of an organization, the North American
providing effective nursing care. Nursing Diagnosis Association, and the
development of a diagnostic classification.
Marlene Zichi Cohen This greatly changed practice and initiated a
Anita J. Tarzian new era in nursing and a modification of the