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Ethical Issues in Critical Care 99

Learning activities, Continued
7. The Nursing Council of New Zealand Code of Conduct for 8. Aveyard suggested that the concept of informed consent prior
Nurses contains four principles (see Box 5.2). Principle 2 specifi- to nursing care procedures is undeveloped, and that this may
cally contains criteria that relate to acting ethically and main- lead to unwanted and inappropriate delivery of care. Reflect
17
taining standards of practice. Reflect on the degree to which on your practice in the critical care setting in relation to how
your practice demonstrates these values. Consider how these you obtain informed consent for nursing activities.
values relate to critical care practice. Discuss the values with
your critical care colleagues.

RELEVANT LEGISLATION National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Values and
Ethics: Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
New Zealand Acts Health Research, http://www.health.gov.au/nhmrc/publications/synopses/
e52syn.htm
● Privacy Act 1993 National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) & Australian
● Public Health and Disability Act 2000 Vice-Chancellor’s Committee (AVCC), Joint NHMRC/AVCC Statement and
Guidelines on Research Practice, 1997, http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/funding/
Australian Acts policy/researchprac.htm
New Zealand Privacy Commissioner website,www.privacy.org.nz
● Health Records (Privacy and Access) Act 1997 (ACT) New Zealand multi-region ethics committees, http://www.newhealth.govt.nz/
● Information Act 2002 (NT) ethicscommittees/committees/multi-region.htm
● Health Records and Information Privacy Act 2002 (NSW) NHS Organ Donation Register Wall of Life, www.walloflife.org.uk
● Health Records Act 2001 (Vic.) Standards Australia Personal Privacy Protection in Health Care Information Systems
(AS4400-1995),http://www.standards.com.au
● Privacy Act 1988, s. 6 (Cwlth) Therapeutic Goods Administration, Human Research Ethics Committees and the
● Health Records and Information Privacy Act 2002, s. Therapeutic Goods Legislation, Department of Health & Aged Care, Can-
4(NSW) berra,2001, http://www.tga.gov.au/pdf/docs/unapproved/hrec.pdf
● Information Act 2002, s. 5(NT) US Department of Health and Human Services and Other Federal Agencies
Common Rule. 45 Code of Federal Regulations 46, (1991), http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/
● Health Records Act 2001, s. 3(Vic.) guidelines/45cfr46.html
● Information Privacy Act 2000 (Vic.) World Health Organization, Operational Gudelines for Ethics Committees that
● Health Services Act 1991 (Qld) Review Biomedical Research (2000), http://apps.who.int/tdr/svc/publications/
● Privacy and Personal Information Protection Act 1998 training-guideline-publications/operational-guidelines-ethics-biomedical-
research
(NSW) World Medical Association, Declaration of Helsinki updated 2008, http://www.
hrc.govt.nz/assets/pdfs/publications/17c.pdf
ONLINE RESOURCES
The Australian Organ and Tissue Authority (AOTA), http://www.donatelife.gov.au FURTHER READING
Council for International Organisations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), Interna-
tional Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. (1993, revised Benatar S. Reflections and recommendations on research ethics in developing
in August 2002); International Guidelines for Epidemiological Research (1991), countries. Soc Sci Med 2002; 54(7): 1131–41.
http://www.cioms.ch/ Bhutta ZA. Ethics in international health research: a perspective from the develop-
Health Research Council of New Zealand (HRCNZ), Guidelines for Researchers ing world. Bull World Health Organ 2002; 80(2): 114–20.
on Health Research Involving Maori, http://www.hrc.govt.nz/root/Ethics/ DeAngelis CD, Drazen J, Frizelle FA, Haug C, Hoey J et al. Clinical trial registra-
Guidelines_and_Publications.html tion: a statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal
Health Research Council of New Zealand (HRCNZ), http://www.hrc.govt.nz/root/ Editors. JAMA 2004; 292: 1363–4.
Ethics/Guidelines_and_Publications.html Emmanuel EJ, Wendler D, Killen J, Grady C. What makes clinical research in
Medical Research Council of Canada (MRC), National Science and Engineering developing countries ethical? The benchmarks of ethical research. J Infect Dis
Research Council of Canada (NSERC) & the Social Science and Humanities 2004; 189: 930–37.
Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Gillon, R. End-of-life decisions. J Med Ethics 1999; 25:435–6.
Conduct for Research involving Humans, Ottawa, MRC, NSERC & SSHRC, 1998, Lavery JV, Grady C, Wahl ER, Emanuel EJ. Ethical issues in international biomedical
http://www.ncehr-cnerh.org/english/code _ 2 research: a casebook. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007.
National Ethics Advisory Committee, http://www.newhealth.govt.nz/neac Sonnenblick M. Advanced medical directives. Harefuah 2002; 141(2): 181–8.
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Organs Retained Organ Donation Taskforce Implementation Programme; Working together to save
at Autopsy: Ethical and Practical Issues, http://www.health.gov.au/nhmrc/ lives: The Organ Donation Taskforce Implementation Programme Annual Report
publications/synopses/e41syn.htm 2008/2009, Department of Health, London. Available from: http://www.bts.
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), National Statement on org.uk/transplantation/organ-donation-taskforce/
Ethical Conduct in Human Research 2007, http://www.health.gov.au/nhmrc/
publications/synopses/e35syn.htm
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), The Human Research REFERENCES
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