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1092           Part VIII:  Monocytes and Macrophages                                                                                                                                Chapter 69:  Disorders of Monocytes          1093




               TISSUE EFFECTS OF MONOCYTOSIS                          the immune response of older individuals (Chap. 9). Dendritic cells are
               Benign monocytosis is not associated with specific clinical manifes-  also profoundly decreased in patients with hairy cell leukemia and are
               tations. All forms of myelogenous leukemia with a predominance of   dysfunctional in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
               monocytes are associated with a predisposition to troublesome tissue
               infiltrates, especially in the skin, gingiva, lymph nodes, meninges, and   REFERENCES
               anal canal. The higher the monocyte count and the higher the propor-
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               (Chap. 71). Because morphology has been misleading, the diagnosis of     11.  Lippi G, Banfi G, Montagnana M, et al: Acute variation of leucocytes counts following
                                                                         a half-marathon run. Int J Lab Hematol 32:117, 2010.
               histiocytosis requires identification of specific cell markers. A histiocy-    12.  Jaworkowsky LI, Solovey DY, Rhausova LY, Udris OY: Monocytosis as a sign of subse-
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               localize in different tissues, histiocytosis is further defined by whether     13.  Rigolin GM, Cuneo A, Roberti MG, et al: Myelodysplastic syndrome with monocytic
                                                                         component: Hematologic and cytologic characterization. Haematologica 82:25, 1997.
               they carry markers of these cell types (e.g., Langerhans cells, interdigi-    14.  Haferlach T, Schoch C, Schnittger S, et al: Distinct genetic patterns can be identified in
               tating dendritic cells; Chap. 71).                        acute monoblastic leukaemia (FAB AML M5a and M5b): A study of 124 patients. Br J
                                                                         Haematol 118:426, 2002.
                                                                        15.  Villeneuve P, Kim DT, Xu W, et al: The morphological subcategories of acute monocytic
               THROMBOATHEROGENESIS                                      leukemia (M5a and M5b) share similar immunophenotypic and cytogenetic features
                                                                         and clinical outcomes. Leuk Res 32:269, 2008.
               The complex interrelationships among monocytes, atherogenesis, and     16.  de Fonseca LM, Brunetti IL, Campa A, et al: Assessment of monocytic component in
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                                                                         cence assay. Hematol J 4:26, 2003.
               115 and 134). Monocytes may play a central role  in the pathologic     17.  Ferran M, Gallardo F, Ferrer AM, et al: Acute myeloid dendritic cell leukaemia with
               aspects of both processes, as a repository for tissue factor, inflammatory   specific cutaneous involvement: A diagnostic challenge. Br J Dermatol 158:1129, 2008.
               cytokines, and a key element in the inflammatory precursor lesions of     18.  Santiago-Schwartz F, Coppock DL, Hindenberg AA, Kern J: Identification of a malig-
               atheroma formation (Table  69–1, sections VIII and IX).   nant counterpart of the monocytic-dendritic cell progenitor in an acute myeloid leukemia.
                                                                         Blood 84:3054, 1994.
                                                                        19.  Srivastava HI, Srivistava A, Srivastava MD: Phenotype, genotype and cytokine produc-
               BLOOD DENDRITIC CELLS                                     tion in acute leukemia involving progenitors of dendritic Langerhans’ cell. Leuk Res
                                                                         18:499, 1994.
                                                                        20.  Ferraris AM, Broccia G, Meloni T, et al: Clonal origin of cells restricted to monocytic
               Dendritic cells and macrophages belong to a family of antigen-presenting   differentiation in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Blood 64:817, 1984.
               cells and in the laboratory can be generated from a common precur-    21.  Beran M: Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Cancer Treat Res 142:107, 2008.
               sor. So-called monocyte-derived dendritic cells are easily produced     22.  Onida F, Kantarjian HM, Smith TL, et al: Prognostic scoring factors and scoring sys-
                                                                         tems in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: A retrospective analysis of 213 patients.
               in the culture vessel by the appropriate cytokines. Indeed, the use of   Blood 99:840, 2002.
               GM-CSF as an adjuvant in cancer vaccines may relate in part to the     23.  Kratz CP, Niemeyer CM: Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Hematology 1:100, 2005.
               cytokine’s ability to activate monocytes and foster conversion to den-    24.  Del Fattore A, Cappariello A, Teti A: Genetics, pathogenesis and complications of oste-
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               dritic (antigen-presenting) cells in vivo (Chaps. 26 and 27). Dendritic     25.  Helfrich MH: Osteoclast diseases. Microsc Res Tech 61:514, 2003.
               cells can be defined by phenotype into two principal types—myeloid     26.  Aricò M, Janka G, Fischer A, et al, for the FHL Study Group of the Histiocyte Society:
               and lymphoid (plasmacytoid) dendritic cells—of which there are likely   Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Report of 122 children from the international
                                                                         registry. Leukemia 10:197, 1996.
               subtypes. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells are a subset of the myeloid     27.  Janka GE: Familial and acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Eur J Pediatr
               type (Chap. 20).                                          166:95, 2007.
                   Flow cytometry using cluster of differentiation (CD) markers and     28.  Filipovich AH: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and related disorders. Curr Opin
                                                                         Allergy Clin Immunol 6:410, 2006.
               antidendritic cell surface antibodies have permitted the enumeration     29.  Rosado FG, Kim AS: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: An update on diagnosis
               of myeloid (human leukocyte antigen-D related [HLA-DR]+, CD11c+,   and pathogenesis. Am J Clin Pathol 139:713, 2013.
               CD123–) and lymphocytic-plasmacytoid (HLA-DR+, CD11c–,     30.  Rouphael NG, Talati NJ, Vaughan C, et al: Infections associated with haemophagocytic
               CD123+, CD303+) dendritic cells in human blood in normal subjects   syndrome. Lancet Infect Dis 7:814, 2007.
               and subjects with disease. Their centrality in the immune response as     31.  Mehta RS, Smith RE: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH): A review of litera-
                                                                         ture. Med Oncol 30:740, 2013.
               premier antigen-presenting cells may result in nonspecific alterations in     32.  Janka GE: Hemophagocytic syndromes. Blood Rev 21:245, 2007.
               their blood concentration or function in many generalized or localized     33.  Imashuku S: Clinical features and treatment strategies of Epstein-Barr virus-associated
                                                                         hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 44:259, 2002.
               inflammatory,  infectious,  and  neoplastic  diseases.  Plasmacytoid  den-    34.  Grom AA: Macrophage activation syndrome and reactive hemophagocytic lymphohis-
               dritic cells may be decreased in numbers with aging, further impairing   tiocytosis: The same entities? Curr Opin Rheumatol 15:587, 2003.






          Kaushansky_chapter 69_p1089-1094.indd   1092                                                                  9/18/15   9:47 AM
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