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1232 Part IX: Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells Chapter 80: Immunodeficiency Diseases 1233
GENETICALLY DETERMINED 9. van der Meer JW, Weening RS, Schellekens PT, et al: Colorectal cancer in patients with
X-linked agammaglobulinaemia. Lancet 341:1439–1440, 1993.
DEFICIENCIES OF THE COMPLEMENT 10. Murray PR, Jain A, Uzel G, et al: Pyoderma gangrenosum-like ulcer in a patient with
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SYSTEM 11. Futatani T, Watanabe C, Baba Y, et al: Bruton’s tyrosine kinase is present in normal
platelets and its absence identifies patients with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia and
The complement (C) system consists of the classical and alternative carrier females. Br J Haematol 114:141–149, 2001.
320
pathways and the membrane attack complex, and is composed of a 12. Ziegner UH, Kobayashi RH, Cunningham-Rundles C, et al: Progressive neurodegen-
series of plasma proteins that play an important role in host defense, eration in patients with primary immunodeficiency disease on IVIG treatment. Clin
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inflammation, clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic cells, and 13. Jain A, Ma CA, Liu S, et al: Specific missense mutations in NEMO result in hyper-IgM
induction of a normal humoral immune response (Chap. 19). Muta- syndrome with hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Nat Immunol 2:223–228, 2001.
tions in the classical pathway (C1q, C1r/C1s, C4, C2, and C3) result 14. Peron S, Metin A, Gardes P, et al: Human PMS2 deficiency is associated with impaired
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(C5–C9) are associated with an increased susceptibility to Neisseria 16. Notarangelo LD, Gilani S, Pleabani A: CD40 and CD40 ligand deficiencies, in Primary
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deficiency, an AD disorder, is the cause of hereditary angioedema. All 17. Hayward AR, Levy J, Facchetti F, et al: Cholangiopathy and tumors of the pancreas,
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mode of inheritance with the exception of properidin deficiency, which 18. Agematsu K, Nagumo H, Shinozaki K, et al: Absence of IgD-CD27(+) memory B cell
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The most important screening tests for complement deficiencies 19. Ameratunga R, Lederman HM, Sullivan KE, et al: Defective antigen-induced lympho-
are those using the assessment of the hemolytic function of both the cyte proliferation in the X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. J Pediatr 131:147–150, 1997.
classic and alternative pathways, CH50 and AH50, respectively. If both 20. Seyama K, Kobayashi R, Hasle H, et al: Parvovirus B19-induced anemia as the present-
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tests are normal, a complement deficiency is unlikely. If CH50 is absent 21. Levy J, Espanol-Boren T, Thomas C, et al: Clinical spectrum of X-linked hyper-IgM
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absent AH50 suggests a defect of properdin or factor D. If both tests 22. Al-Saud BK, Al-Sum Z, Alassiri H, et al: Clinical, immunological, and molecular char-
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in the complement regulatory proteins factor H and factor I are impli- 25. Schimke LF, Rieber N, Rylaarsdam S, et al: A novel gain-of-function IKBA mutation
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depends on the defect and may include frequent immunizations using 26. Hanson EP, Monaco-Shawver L, Solt LA, et al: Hypomorphic nuclear factor-kappaB
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