Page 511 - Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology ( PDFDrive )

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58
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Cellular Basis of the Immune

Response

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CHAPTER C ONTENT S

Origin Of Immune Cells
Macrophages
Origin of T Cells
Origin of B Cells
Dendritic Cells
B Cells
Origin of Natural Killer Cells
Origin of Macrophages
Cells, T Cells, & B Cells
T Cells
Follicular Dendritic Cells
CD4 & CD8 Types of T Cells
Natural Killer Cells
Activation of T Cells Summary of the Interaction Of Antigen-Presenting
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Neutrophils
Costimulation Is Required to Activate T Cells
Eosinophils
T Cells Recognize Only Peptides
Basophils & Mast Cells
Memory T Cells
T-Cell Receptor
Cytokines Affecting Lymphocytes
Effect of Superantigens on T Cells
Cytokines Affecting Macrophages & Monocytes
Features of T Cells
Cytokines Affecting Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Effector Functions of T Cells
Cytokines Affecting Stem Cells
Regulatory Functions of T Cells
Cytokines Produced by Macrophages That Affect
B Cells
Other Cells
Origin
Cytokines with Other Effects
Clonal Selection
Activation of B Cells Self-Assessment Questions
Practice Questions: USMLE & Course Examinations
Effector Functions of B Cells/Plasma Cells
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ORIGIN OF IMMUNE CELLS
These features will be described in detail later in the
The capability of responding to immunologic stimuli rests
chapter.
mainly with lymphoid cells. During embryonic develop-
ment, blood cell precursors originate mainly in the fetal
Origin of T Cells
liver and yolk sac; in postnatal life, the stem cells reside in
the bone marrow. Stem cells differentiate into cells of the
erythroid, myeloid, or lymphoid series. The latter evolve
cells within the thymus. Prior to entering the thymus, stem
into two main lymphocyte populations: T cells and B cells T-cell precursors differentiate into immunocompetent T
cells lack antigen receptors and lack CD3, CD4, and CD8
proteins on their surface. During passage through the thy-
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(Figure 58–1 and Table 58–1). The formation of T cells and
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B cells from stem cells is enhanced by interleukin-7 (IL-7)
mus, they differentiate into T cells that can express both
antigen receptors and the various CD proteins. The stem
produced by the stromal cells of the thymus and bone mar-
row, respectively.
The ratio of T cells to B cells is approximately 3:1.
negatives), first differentiate to express both CD4 and CD8
(double-positives) and then proceed to express either CD4
Figure 58–1 describes the origin of B cells and the two types
or CD8. A double-positive cell will differentiate into a
of T cells: helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. Table 58–1
500
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