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High Latitude 23.14. Use Table 23.2 to obtain the total percentage of human-made
3 W _
√ L + L )
L stick
I max = 1.0 × 10 I = I max __ greenhouse gases and the total percentage of human-made

m 2 2 2

( carbon dioxide. The percentage of human-made carbon dioxide
shadow
L stick = 0.75 m stick
is the ratio of these values times 100%.
L shadow = 2.23 m 3 W _ __
0.75 m
= 1.0 × 10 2)

I = ? m ( (0.75 m) + (2.23 m) human-made carbon dioxide = 0.117%
2
√
2

total human-made greenhouse gases = 0.28%
3 __ W _ _ percent carbon dioxide in human-made greenhouse gases =?
2 )
0.75
m
2)

= 1.0 × 10

2

2
√
( 0.75 + 2.23 m ( √ m percent carbon
human-made carbon dioxide

dioxide in human-made = ___ ×
100%
)
3 __ W _ total human-made greenhouse gases
0.75

= 1.0 × 10 greenhouse gases

+
( √ m 2
4.97

0.56

0.117%

= _ × 100%
)
3 _ W _ 0.28%
0.75
= 1.0 × 10

( √ m 2 = 42%
5.53

23.15. Use Table 23.2 to obtain the total percentage of human-made
3 0.75 W _
_

= 1.0 × 10 ( ) greenhouse gases and the total percentage of human-made
2.35 m 2
methane. The percentage of human-made methane is the ratio

W _
3

= 1.0 × 10 (0.32) of these values times 100%.
m 2
human-made methane = 0.066%
3 W _
= 3.2 × 10 total human-made greenhouse gases = 0.28%

m 2
percent methane in human-made greenhouse gases =?
23.11. Compare the monthly temperature to the discussion in the
percent methane
Major Climate Groups section of the text. ___
human-made methane
×

in human-made = 100%

The average monthly temperature stays above 18°C, so total human-made greenhouse gases
greenhouse gases
this city is in the tropical climate zone. 0.066%

This problem has made use of data obtained from NOAA = _ × 100%
0.28%
National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Monthly Global
= 2.4%
Surface Data. http://gis.ncdc.noaa.gov/website/ims-cdo/
gcosmon/viewer.htm
CHAPTER 24
23.12. Compare the monthly temperature and total precipitation to

the criteria in Table 23.1. 24.1. Calculate the difference between precipitation and potential

The average monthly temperature shows this location has long evapotranspiration (evaporation and transpiration) to obtain
and cold winters, moderate summers, and moderate precipitation. the net water budget.

This city is in a humid continental (mid-latitudes) climate. precipitation = 254 mm
This problem has made use of data obtained from NOAA potential evapotranspiration = 1,800 mm

National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Monthly Global net water budget = ?
Surface Data. http://gis.ncdc.noaa.gov/website/ims-cdo/ net water budget = precipitation − potential evapotranspiration
gcosmon/viewer.htm = 254 mm − 1,800 mm
23.13 For each case, calculate the reflected electromagnetic radiation = −1,546 mm

by multiplying the albedo by the incoming solar radiation. The net water budget is negative so there is a water defi cit.

Asphalt 24.2. Calculate the difference between precipitation and potential
2 W _

incoming solar radiation = 9.1 × 10 evapotranspiration to obtain the net water budget.
m 2
α = 0.12 precipitation = 1,143 mm
reflected solar radiation = ? potential evapotranspiration = 508 mm
__ net water budget = ?
reflected solar radiation

α =

incoming solar radiation net water budget = precipitation − potential evapotranspiration
∴ reflected solar radiation = α (incoming solar radiation) = 1,143 mm − 508 mm
( 2 W _ 2) = 635 mm

reflected solar radiation = (0.12) 9.1 × 10
m The net water budget is positive so there is a water surplus.

2 W _

= 1.1 × 10 24.3. Rearrange the watershed budget equation to derive an equation
m 2
Concrete for each component in terms of the other components, and
2 W _ write an equation that expresses Q S in terms of the surplus.

incoming solar radiation = 9.1 × 10
m 2
α = 0.55 P = AE + Q S + Q G
∴ AE = P − (Q S + Q G )
reflected solar radiation = ?
∴ Q S = P − (AE + Q G )
__
reflected solar radiation
α = ∴ Q G = P − (AE + Q S )

incoming solar radiation
and Q S = 53% (P − AE)
∴ reflected solar radiation = α (incoming solar radiation)
( 2 W _ 2) Substitute the expression of Q S in terms of surplus into the
reflected solar radiation = 0.55 9.1 × 10

m equation for Q G .
2 W _
= 5.0 × 10 Q G = P − (AE + 53% (P−AE))

m 2
696 APPENDIX E Solutions for Group A Parallel Exercises E-54