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the Mahabharat range. The temperature reaches up to 24°c to 30°c in summer and
rainfall ranges 100 cm to 200 cm. The trees shed their leaves in winter. This is the
characteristics of the deciduous forest. In the upper part of the area the mixed forest
of deciduous and coniferous is found whereas in the lower part only the deciduous
forest is found. The major species of trees found in this area are Lakuri, Chilaune,
Sallo, Pine, Golden Champ, Walnut, Uttish, etc. This is also known as monsoon
deciduous forest.

Evergreen Coniferous Forest

Cold temperate and evergreen coniferous forest is found in the higher part of the
Mahabharat range and the lower part of the Himalayas. This kind of evergreen
coniferous forest is found at an altitude of 2,100 m to 3,300 m above sea level. The
summer temperature rises up to 20°c and winter temperature is about 0°c in this area.
As the cold climate is found so the natural vegetations like Pine, Dhupi, Bhojpatra,
Bamboo, Nigalo, Dhupi, Rhododendron, etc. are found here.

Alpine Grassland

Alpine Grassland is found in the altitude between 3,300 m to 5,000 m, the area below
the snowline and the mid-Himalayas. It has alpine climate. The winter temperature
of this region decreases below 0°C whereas summer temperature is also very low.
The annual rainfall is about 50 cm in form of snow. The alpine vegetation consists of
herbs, shrubs, bushes, rhododendron, mountain scrubs and grasses.

Tundra Vegetation

Tundra vegetation is found in extreme northern part of the country. It is found in the
altitude having permanent snow cover. The area of tundra vegetation is above 5000m.
It includes the cold desert vegetation, such as mosses, lichens, algae, etc. The tundra
vegetation die when it as covers with snow but again grow when the snow melt.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 204