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CHAPTER 4: THE LEADER AS AN INDIVIDUAL 129
4 Anthony J. Mayo and Nitin Nohria, “Double-Edged Sword,” People Leadership,” in The Organization of the Future, Frances Hesselbein,
Management (October 27, 2005); Carol Hymowitz, “Rewarding Marshall Goldsmith, and Richard Beckhard, eds. (San Francisco:
Competitors Over Collaborators No Longer Makes Sense” (In the Jossey-Bass, 1997), pp. 295–302.
Lead column), The Wall Street Journal (February 13, 2006), p. B1; 25 Based on Richard L. Hughes, Robert C. Ginnett, and Gordon
and Joseph Nocera, “In Business, Tough Guys Finish Last,” The New J. Curphy, Leadership: Enhancing the Lessons of Experience (Boston:
York Times (June 18, 2005), p. C1. Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1999), pp. 182–184.
5 Tim Sanders, The Likeability Factor: How to Boost Your L-Factor 26 Douglas McGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise (New York:
and Achieve the Life of Your Dreams (New York: Crown, 2005). McGraw-Hill, 1960).
6 Ron Stodghill, “Boxed Out,” FSB (April 2005), pp. 69–72. 27 J. Hall and S. M. Donnell, “Managerial Achievement: The Personal
7 Louisa Kamps, “Reinventing Real Estate,” More (October 2006), Side of Behavioral Theory,” Human Relations 32 (1979),
pp. 75–76. pp. 77–101.
8 Carol Hymowitz, “Executives Who Make Their Leisure Time 28 Andrea Coombes, “Managers Rate Themselves High But Workers
Inspiring and Useful” (In the Lead column), The Wall Street Journal Prove Tough Critics,” The Wall Street Journal (September 26, 2006),
(August 14, 2006), p. B1. p. B8; Jaclyne Badal, “Surveying the Field: Cracking the Glass
9. James B. Hunt, “Travel Experience in the Formation of Leadership: Ceiling,” (sidebar in Theory & Practice column), The Wall Street
John Quincy Adams, Frederick Douglass, and Jane Addams,” The Journal (June 19, 2006), p. B3.
Journal of Leadership Studies 7, no. 1 (2000), pp. 92–106. 29 H. H. Kelley, “Attribution in Social Interaction,” in E. Jones et al.
10 R. T. Hogan, G. J. Curphy, and J. Hogan, “What We Know About (eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior (Morristown,
Leadership: Effectiveness and Personality,” American Psychologist NJ: General Learning Press, 1972).
49, no. 6 (1994), pp. 493–504. 30 Kevin Kelly, “Branching Out,” FSB (December 2005–January 2006),
11 Randolph E. Schmid, “Psychologists Rate What Helps Make a President p. 39.
Great,” Johnson City Press (August 6, 2000), p. 10; and “Personality 31 Dorothy Leonard and Susaan Straus, “Putting Your Company’s
and the Presidency” segment on NBC News with John Siegenthaler, Jr., Whole Brain to Work,” Harvard Business Review (July–August
August 5, 2000. 1997), pp. 111–121.
12 P. E. Spector, “Behavior in Organizations as a Function of Employee’s 32 Henry Mintzberg, “Planning on the Left Side and Managing on the
Locus of Control,” Psychological Bulletin (May 1982), pp. 482–497; Right,” Harvard Business Review (July–August 1976), pp. 49–57;
and H. M. Lefcourt, “Durability and Impact of the Locus of Control Richard Restak, “The Hemispheres of the Brain Have Minds of
Construct,” Psychological Bulletin 112 (1992), pp. 411–414. Their Own,” The New York Times (January 25, 1976); and Robert
13 Ibid.; and J. B. Miner, Industrial-Organizational Psychology (New Ornstein, The Psychology of Consciousness (San Francisco: W. H.
York: McGraw-Hill, 1992), p. 151. Freeman, 1975).
14 T. W. Adorno, E. Frenkel-Brunswick, D. J. Levinson, and R. N. Sanford, 33 This discussion is based on Ned Herrmann, The Whole Brain
The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper & Row, 1950). Business Book (New York: McGraw Hill, 1996).
15 Susan Caminiti, “What Team Leaders Need to Know,” Fortune 34 Herrmann, The Whole Brain Business Book, p. 103.
(February 20, 1995), pp. 93–100. 35 Herrmann, The Whole Brain Business Book, p. 179.
16 E. C. Ravlin and B. M. Meglino, “Effects of Values on Perception 36 Leonard and Straus, “Putting Your Company’s Whole Brain to
and Decision Making: A Study of Alternative Work Value Measures,” Work”; and Katherine Mieszkowski, “Opposites Attract,” Fast
Journal of Applied Psychology 72 (1987), pp. 666–673. Company (December–January 1998), pp. 42, 44.
17 Robert C. Benfari, Understanding and Changing Your Management 37 Carl Jung, Psychological Types (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,
Style (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1999), p. 172. 1923).
18 Milton Rokeach, The Nature of Human Values (New York: The Free 38 Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesen, Type Talk (New York:
Press, 1973); and M. Rokeach, Understanding Human Values (New Delacorte Press, 1988); Kroeger and Thuesen, Type Talk at Work
York: The Free Press, 1979). (New York: Dell, 1992); “Conference Proceedings,” The Myers–
19 Carol Hymowitz, “For Many Executives, Leadership Lessons Started Briggs Type Indicator and Leadership: An International Research
with Mom” (In the Lead column), The Wall Street Journal (May 16, Conference, January 12–14, 1994; and S. K. Hirsch, MBTI Team
2000), p. B1. Member’s Guide (Palo Alto, Calif.: Consulting Psychologists Press,
20 Lynne Jeter, “Early Lessons Helped Form Leadership Skills,” The 1992).
Mississippi Business Journal (March 13, 2006), p. 23. 39 Reported in Lisa Takeuchi Cullen, “SATS for J-O-B-S,” Time
21 Based on G. W. England and R. Lee, “The Relationship between (April 3, 2006), p. 89.
Managerial Values and Managerial Success in the United States, 40 Coeli Carr, “Redesigning the Management Psyche,” The New York
Japan, India, and Australia,” Journal of Applied Psychology 59 Times, (May 26, 2002), Business Section, p. 14.
(1974), pp. 411–419. 41 Based on Mary H. McCaulley, “Research on the MBTI and
22 Charles Fishman, “The Anarchist’s Cookbook,” Fast Company Leadership: Taking the Critical First Step,” Keynote Address, The
(July 2004), pp. 70–78; and http://www.wholefoods.com Myers–Briggs Type Indicator and Leadership: An International
23 S. J. Breckler, “Empirical Validation of Affect, Behavior, and Research Conference, January 12–14, 1994.
Cognition as Distinct Components of Attitudes,” Journal of 42 This discussion is based heavily on “Towards a More Perfect
Personality and Social Psychology (May 1984), pp. 1191–1205; and Match: Building Successful Leaders by Effectively Aligning
J. M. Olson and M. P. Zanna, “Attitudes and Attitude Change,” People and Roles,” Hay Group Working paper (2004); and
Annual Review of Psychology 44 (1993), pp. 117–154. “Making Sure the ‘Suit’ Fits,” Hay Group Research Brief (2004).
24 Parker J. Palmer, Leading from Within: Reflections on Spirituality Available from Hay Group, The McClelland Center, 116
and Leadership (Indianapolis: Indiana Office for Campus Ministries, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02116, or at http://www.
1990), and Diane Chapman Walsh, “Cultivating Inner Sources for haygroup.com.