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CHAPTER 8: MOTIVATION AND EMPOWERMENT 257
30 J. Stacy Adams, “Injustice in Social Exchange,” in Advances in 56 William C. Taylor, “Under New Management; These Workers Act
Experimental Social Psychology, 2nd ed., L. Berkowitz, ed. (New Like Owners (Because They Are),” The New York Times (May 21,
York: Academic Press, 1965); and J. Stacy Adams, “Toward an 2006), http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60C1EFC385
Understanding of Inequity,” Journal of Abnormal and Social A0C728EDDAC0894DE404482.
Psychology (November 1963), pp. 422–436. 57 Bowen and Lawler, “Empowering Service Employees.”
31 Jared Sandberg, “Why You May Regret Looking at Papers Left on 58 Taylor, “These Workers Act Like Owners.”
the Office Copier” (Cubicle Culture column), The Wall Street Journal 59 Gretchen Spreitzer, “Social Structural Characteristics of Psychological
(June 20, 2006), p. B1. Empowerment,” Academy of Management Journal 39, no. 2 (April
32 Amy Joyce, “The Bonus Question; Some Managers Still Strive to 1996), pp. 483–504.
Reward Merit,” The Washington Post (November 13, 2005), p. F6. 60 Russ Forrester, “Empowerment: Rejuvenating a Potent Idea,”
33 Survey results from WorldatWork and Hewitt Associates, reported in Academy of Management Executive 14, no. 3 (2000), pp. 67–80.
Karen Kroll, “Benefits: Paying for Performance,” Inc. (November 2004), 61 Glenn L. Dalton, “The Collective Stretch,” Management Review
p. 46; and Kathy Chu, “Firms Report Lackluster Results from Pay-for- (December 1998), pp. 54–59.
Performance Plans,” The Wall Street Journal (June 15, 2004), p. D2. 62 Bradley L. Kirkman and Benson Rosen, “Powering Up Teams,”
34 Nina Gupta and Jason D. Shaw, “Let the Evidence Speak: Financial Organizational Dynamics (Winter 2000), pp. 48–66; and Gretchen
Incentives Are Effective!!” Compensation and Benefits Review M. Spreitzer, “Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace:
(March/April 1998), pp. 26, 28–32. Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation,” Academy of
35 Vogl, “Carrots, Sticks, and Self-Deception,” 40; and Alfie Kohn, Management Journal 38, no. 5 (October 1995), p. 1442.
“Incentives Can Be Bad for Business,” Inc., (January 1998), 63 Spreitzer, “Social Structural Characteristics of Psychological
pp. 93–94. Empowerment.”
36 Kohn, “Challenging Behaviorist Dogma.” 64 Roy C. Herrenkohl, G. Thomas Judson, and Judith A. Heffner,
37 Jerry L. Gray and Frederick A. Starke, Organizational Behavior: “Defining and Measuring Employee Empowerment,” The Journal of
Concepts and Applications, 4th ed. (New York: Merrill, 1988). Applied Behavioral Science 35, no. 3 (September 1999), pp. 373–389.
38 Richard M. Steers, Lyman W. Porter, and Gregory A. Bigley, 65 Taylor, “These Workers Act Like Owners.”
Motivation and Leadership at Work, 6th ed. (New York: McGraw- 66 Frank Shipper and Charles C. Manz, “Employee Self-Management
Hill, 1996), p. 512. Without Formally Designated Teams: An Alternative Road to
39 Steers, Porter, and Bigley, Motivation and Leadership at Work, 517; Empowerment,” Organizational Dynamics (Winter 1992), pp. 48–61.
Vogl, “Carrots, Sticks, and Self-Deception,” p. 40. 67 Steve Kaufman, “ESOPs’ Appeal on the Increase,” Nation’s Business
40 Steers, Porter, and Bigley, Motivation and Leadership at Work, (June 1997), pp. 43–44.
154–157; Anne Fisher, “The 100 Best Companies to Work for in 68 Ford and Fottler, “Empowerment: A Matter of Degree.”
America,” Fortune (January 12, 1998), pp. 69–70. 69 Lawrence Fisher, “Ricardo Semler Won’t Take Control,” Strategy
41 William D. Hitt, The Leader-Manager: Guidelines for Action + Business (Winter 2005), pp. 78–88; and Ricardo Semler, “How
(Columbus, OH: Battelle Press, 1988), p. 153. We Went Digital Without a Strategy,” Harvard Business Review
42 Steers, Porter, and Bigley, Motivation and Leadership at Work, (September–October 2000), pp. 51–58.
pp. 520–525. 70 McCaffrey, Faerman, and Hart, “The Appeal and Difficulties of
43 Vogl, “Carrots, Sticks, and Self-Deception,” p. 43. Participative Systems.”
44 Greg Hitt and Jacob M. Schlesinger, “Perk Police: Stock Options 71 Philippe d’Iribarne, “Motivating Workers in Emerging Countries:
Come Under Fire in Wake of Enron’s Collapse,” The Wall Street Universal Tools and Local Adaptations,” Journal of Organizational
Journal (March 26, 2002), pp. A1, A8. Behavior 23 (2002), pp. 243–256.
45 James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, The Leadership Challenge, 72 Gerard H. Seijts and Dan Crim, “What Engages Employees the Most,
(San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass), p. 153. or The Ten C’s of Employee Engagement,” Ivey Business Journal
46 Timothy Aeppel, “Tricks of the Trade: On Factory Floors, Top (March–April 2006).
Workers Hide Secrets to Success,” The Wall Street Journal (July 1, 73 This discussion is based on Tony Schwartz, “The Greatest Sources
2002), pp. A1, A10. of Satisfaction in the Workplace are Internal and Emotional,” Fast
47 Kouzes and Posner, The Leadership Challenge, p. 282. Company (November 2000), pp. 398–402; and Marcus Buckingham
48 Edwin P. Hollander and Lynn R. Offerman, “Power and Leadership and Curt Coffman, First, Break All the Rules: What the World’s Greatest
in Organizations,” American Psychology 45 (February 1990), Managers Do Differently (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999).
pp. 179–189. 74 Buckingham and Coffman, First, Break All the Rules.
49 Robert C. Ford and Myron D. Fottler, “Empowerment: A Matter of 75 Polly LaBarre, “Marcus Buckingham Thinks Your Boss Has an
Degree,” Academy of Management Executive 9 (1995), pp. 21–31. Attitude Problem” Fast Company (August 2001), pp. 88–98.
50 Dennis Cauchon, “The Little Company That Could,” USA Today 76 Survey results reported in Seijts and Crim, “What Engages Employees
(October 9, 2005), http://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/ the Most.”
management/2005-10-09-mississippi-power-usat_x.htm. 77 Jennifer Robison, “This HCA Hospital’s Healthy Turnaround,”
51 David P. McCaffrey, Sue R. Faerman, and David W. Hart, “The Gallup Management Journal (January 13, 2005).
Appeal and Difficulties of Participative Systems,” Organization 78 Taylor, “These Workers Act Like Owners.”
Science 6, no. 6 (November–December 1995), pp. 603–627. 79 Michael J. Gaudioso, “How a Successful Gainsharing Program Arose
52 David E. Bowen and Edward E. Lawler III, “Empowering Service from an Old One’s Ashes at Bell Atlantic (Now Verizon) Directory
Employees,” Sloan Management Review (Summer 1995), pp. 73–84. Graphics,” Journal of Organizational Excellence (Winter 2000),
53 Jay A. Conger and Rabindra N. Kanungo, “The Empowerment pp. 11–18.
Process: Integrating Theory and Practice,” Academy of Management 80 Hawk and Sheridan, “The Right Staff.”
Review 13 (1988), pp. 471–482. 81 Dalton, “The Collective Stretch.”
54 McCaffrey, Faerman and Hart, “The Appeal and Difficulties of 82 Christopher Caggiano, “The Right Way to Pay,” Inc. (November
Participative Systems.” 2002), pp. 84–92.
55 “Great Expectations?” Fast Company (November 1999), pp. 212–224. 83 Dalton, “The Collective Stretch.”