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CHAPTER 7 Jean Watson 81

the evolution of her theory of caring from her ideas science and healing through forgiveness, gratitude,
about the philosophy and science of caring. and surrender. It received the American Journal of
Her first book, Nursing: The Philosophy and Science Nursing 2005 Book of the Year Award.
of Caring (1979), was developed from her notes for an Recent books include Measuring Caring: Interna-
undergraduate course taught at the University of tional Research on Caritas as Healing (Nelson & Watson,
Colorado. Yalom’s 11 curative factors stimulated 2011), Creating a Caring Science Curriculum (Hills &
Watson’s thinking about 10 carative factors, described Watson, 2011), and Human Caring Science: A Theory of
as the organizing framework for her book (Watson, Nursing (Watson, 2012).
1979), “central to nursing” (p. 9), and a moral ideal.
Watson’s early work embraced the 10 carative factors
but evolved to include “caritas,” making explicit con- Theoretical Sources
nections between caring and love (Watson, personal Watson’s work has been called a philosophy, blueprint,
correspondence, 2004). Her first book was reprinted ethic, paradigm, worldview, treatise, conceptual model,
in 1985 and translated into Korean and French. framework, and theory (Watson, 1996). This chapter
Her second book, Nursing: Human Science and uses the terms theory and framework interchangeably.
Human Care—A Theory of Nursing, published in To develop her theory, Watson (1988) defines theory as
1985 and reprinted in 1988 and 1999, addressed her “an imaginative grouping of knowledge, ideas, and ex-
conceptual and philosophical problems in nursing. perience that are represented symbolically and seek to
Her second book has been translated into Chinese, illuminate a given phenomenon” (p. 1). She draws on
German, Japanese, Korean, Swedish, Norwegian, the Latin meaning of theory “to see” and concludes, “It
Danish, and probably other languages by now. (Human Science) is a theory because it helps me ‘to see’
Her third book, Postmodern Nursing and Beyond more broadly (clearly)” (p. 1). Watson acknowledges
(1999), was presented as a model to bring nursing a phenomenological, existential, and spiritual orienta-
practice into the twenty-first century. Watson describes tion from the sciences and humanities as well as philo-
two personal life-altering events that contributed to her sophical and intellectual guidance from feminist
writing. In 1997, she experienced an accidental injury theory, metaphysics, phenomenology, quantum phys-
that resulted in the loss of her left eye and soon after, ics, wisdom traditions, perennial philosophy, and Bud-
in 1998, her husband died. Watson states that she is dhism (Watson, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2012). She
“attempting to integrate these wounds into my life and cites background for her theory nursing philosophies
work. One of the gifts through the suffering was the and theorists, including Nightingale, Henderson,
privilege of experiencing and receiving my own theory Leininger, Peplau, Rogers, and Newman, and also the
through the care from my husband and loving nurse work of Gadow, a nursing philosopher and health care
friends and colleagues” (Watson, personal communi- ethicist (Watson, 1985, 1997, 2005, 2012). She connects
cation, August 31, 2000). This third book has been Nightingale’s sense of deep commitment and calling to
translated into Portuguese and Japanese. Instruments an ethic of human service.
for Assessing and Measuring Caring in Nursing and Watson attributes her emphasis on the interper-
Health Sciences (2002), a collection of 21 instruments sonal and transpersonal qualities of congruence, em-
to assess and measure caring, received the American pathy, and warmth to the views of Carl Rogers and
Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Award. more recent writers of transpersonal psychology.
Her fifth book, Caring Science as Sacred Science Watson points out that Carl Rogers’ phenomenologi-
(2005), describes her personal journey to enhance cal approach, with his view that nurses are not here
understanding about caring science, spiritual practice, to manipulate and control others but rather to under-
the concept and practice of care, and caring-healing stand, was profoundly influential at a time when
work. In this book, she leads the reader through “clinicalization” (therapeutic control and manipula-
thought-provoking experiences and the sacredness tion of the patient) was considered the norm (Watson,
of nursing by emphasizing deep inner reflection personal communication, August 31, 2000). In her
and personal growth, communication skills, use of book, Caring Science as Sacred Science, Watson
self-transpersonal growth, and attention to both caring (2005) describes the wisdom of French philosopher