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82 UNIT II Nursing Philosophies

Emmanuael Levinas (1969) and Danish philosopher give special attention, if not loving attention.” As
Knud Løgstrup (1995) as foundational to her work. carative factors evolved within an expanding per-
Watson’s main concepts include the 10 carative spective, and as her ideas and values evolved, Watson
factors (see Major Concepts & Definitions box and offered a translation of the original carative factors
Table 7-1) and transpersonal healing and transper- into clinical caritas processes that suggested open
sonal caring relationship, caring moment, caring ways in which they could be considered (Table 7-1).
occasion, caring healing modalities, caring conscious- Watson (1999) describes a “Transpersonal Caring
ness, caring consciousness energy, and phenomenal Relationship” as foundational to her theory; it is a
file/unitary consciousness. Watson expanded the cara- “special kind of human care relationship—a union
tive factors to a closely related concept, caritas, a with another person—high regard for the whole per-
Latin word that means “to cherish, to appreciate, to son and their being-in-the-world” (p. 63).

TABLE 7-1 Carative Factors and Caritas Processes
Carative Factors Caritas Processes

1. “The formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values” “Practice of loving-kindness and equanimity within the context
of caring consciousness”
2. “The instillation of faith-hope” “Being authentically present and enabling and sustaining the
deep belief system and subjective life-world of self and one
being cared for”
3. “The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others” “Cultivation of one’s own spiritual practices and transpersonal
self going beyond the ego self”
4. “Development of a helping-trust relationship” became “Developing and sustaining a helping trusting authentic caring
“development of a helping-trusting, human caring relationship”
relation” (in 2004 Watson website)
5. “The promotion and acceptance of the expression of “Being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive
positive and negative feelings” and negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit and
self and the one-being-cared for”
6. “The systematic use of the scientific problem solving “Creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the
method for decision making” became “systematic use caring process; to engage in the artistry of caring-healing
of a creative problem solving caring process” (in 2004 practices”
Watson website)
7. “The promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning” “Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that
attends to unity of being and meaning, attempting to stay
within others’ frame of reference”
8. “The provision of supportive, protective, and (or) corrective “Creating healing environment at all levels (physical as well as
mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment” nonphysical, subtle environment of energy and conscious-
ness, whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace
are potentiated)”
9. “The assistance with gratification of human needs” “Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring con-
sciousness, administering ‘human care essentials,’ which
potentiate alignment of mind body spirit, wholeness, and
unity of being in all aspects of care”
10. “The allowance for existential-phenomenological forces” “Opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential
became “allowance for existential-phenomenological- dimensions of one’s own life-death; soul care for self and the
spiritual forces” (in 2004 Watson website) one-being-cared for”
Modified from Watson, J. (1979). Nursing: The philosophy and science of caring (pp. 9–10). Boston: Little, Brown. (for original carative factors); and Watson, J.
(2004). Theory of human caring (website). Denver, (CO): Jean Watson/University of Colorado School of Nursing. Retrieved from: http://hschealth.uchsc.
edu/son/faculty/jw_evolution.htm (for caritas processes and revised carative factors).