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100 UNIT II Nursing Philosophies

2010). She authored several theoretical and research organizational transformation through caring and
publications in transcultural caring, transcultural eth- ethical choice making, instrument development on
ics, and caring inquiry. organizational caring, economic and political caring,
Ray continues as Professor Emeritus at the Florida and caring organization creation. They recently pro-
Atlantic University Christine E. Lynn College of posed renaming the nursing process to the language of
Nursing as a part-time faculty member in the PhD caring in Nursing Science Quarterly (Turkel, Ray, &
program and faculty mentor. Ray’s interest in trans- Kornblatt, 2012). Continued involvement at Florida
cultural nursing remains a theme in her research, Atlantic University has given Ray opportunities to
teaching, and practice. With Dr. Sherrilyn Coffman, influence complex organizations and caring organiza-
she completed a grounded theory research study tions and environments in local, national, and global
of high-risk pregnant African-American women contexts. Her contributions to nursing education were
(Coffman & Ray, 1999, 2002). Learning about vulner- recognized in 2005 with an honorary degree from
able populations gave Ray a deeper understanding Nevada State College and in 2007 with the Distin-
of their needs, particularly the importance of access guished Alumna Award from University of Utah
to health care and caring communities. Ray was vice College of Nursing.
president of Floridians for Health Care (universal
health care) from 1998 to 2000. She is a Certified
Transcultural Nurse and a member of the Interna- Theoretical Sources
tional Transcultural Nursing Society. She has made Ray’s interest in caring as a topic of nursing scholarship
international presentations in China, Saudi Arabia, was stimulated by her work with Leininger beginning
Sweden, Finland, England, Switzerland, Thailand, in 1968, which focused on transcultural nursing and
and Viet Nam. In 1984, Ray received the Leininger ethnographic-ethnonursing research methods. She
Transcultural Nursing Award for excellence in trans- used ethnographic methods in combination with phe-
cultural nursing. In 2005, she was named a Transcul- nomenology and grounded theory to generate substan-
tural Nursing Scholar by the International Trans- tive and formal grounded theories, resulting in the
cultural Nursing Society. Ray is listed in Who’s Who overarching Theory of Bureaucratic Caring (Ray,
in America and Who’s Who in the World and gave a 1981a, 1984, 1989, 1994b, 2010 b, 2011), which focuses
paper in 2010 on caring organizations at the World on nursing in complex organizations such as hospitals.
Universities Forum in Davos, Switzerland (Ray, She distinguishes organizations as cultures based on
2010c). She attended a program of study at the anthropological study of how people behave in com-
United Nations related to implementation of the munities and the significance or meaning of work life
2015 Millennium goals. Ray serves on review boards (Louis, 1985). Organizational cultures, viewed as social
of the Journal of Transcultural Nursing and Qualita- constructions, are formed symbolically through mean-
tive Health Research. She also published Transcul- ing in interaction (Smircich, 1985).
tural Caring Dynamics in Nursing and Health Care Ray’s work (1981b, 1989, 2010b; Moccia, 1986) was
(Ray, 2010a) and, with co-editors, Nursing, Caring, influenced by Hegel, who posited the interrelationship
and Complexity Science: For Human-Environment among thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. In Ray’s theory,
Well-Being, which received a 2011 American Jour- the thesis of caring (humanistic, spiritual, and ethical)
nal of Nursing Book of the Year award. and the antithesis of bureaucracy (technological, eco-
Ray’s research interests continue to focus on nurses, nomic, political, and legal) are reconciled and synthe-
nurse administrators, and patients in critical care and sized into the unitive force, bureaucratic caring. The
intermediate care, and in nursing administration in synthesis, as a process of becoming, is a transformation
complex hospital organizational cultures. She devel- that continues to repeat itself always changing, emerg-
oped research with Dr. Marian Turkel to study the ing, and transforming.
nurse-patient relationship as an economic resource, As she revisited and continued to develop her for-
funded by the TriService Nursing Research Program mal theory, Ray (2001, 2006; Ray & Turkel, 2010)
(Turkel & Ray, 2000, 2001, 2003). With Turkel, Ray discovered that her study findings fit well with expla-
has published about complex caring relational theory, nations from chaos theory. Chaos theory describes