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CHAPTER 8 Marilyn Anne Ray 101

simultaneous order and disorder, and order within worldview (Davidson, Ray, & Turkel, 2011; Ray, 2001,
disorder. An underlying order or interconnectedness 2006; 2010a; Ray & Turkel, 2010). The discovery of
exists in apparently random events (Peat, 2002). interconnectedness among apparently unrelated sub-
Mathematical studies have shown that what may atomic events has intrigued scientists. Scientists con-
seem random is actually part of a larger pattern. Ap- cluded that systems possess the capacity to self-organize;
plication of this theory to organizations demonstrates therefore, attention is shifting away from describing
that within a state of chaos, the system is held within parts and instead is focusing on the totality as an actual
boundaries that are well ordered (Wheatley, 2006). process (Wheatley, 2006). The conceptualization of the
Furthermore, chaos is necessary for new creative or- hologram portrays how every structure interpenetrates
dering. The creative process as described by Briggs & and is interpenetrated by other structures—so the part
Peat is as follows: is the whole, and the whole is reflected in every part
(Talbot, 1991).
“. . . when we enter the vital turbulence of life, we The hologram has provided scientists with a new way
realize that, at bottom, everything is always new. of understanding order. Bohm has conceptualized the
Often we have simply failed to notice this fact. universe as a kind of giant, flowing hologram (Talbot,
When we’re being creative, we take notice.” 1991; Davidson, Ray, & Turkel, 2011). He asserted that
(Briggs & Peat, 1999, p. 30)
our day-to-day reality is really an illusion, like a holo-
Ray compares change in complex organizations graphic image. Bohm termed our conscious level of
with this creative process and challenges nurses to existence explicate, or unfolded order, and the deeper
step back and renew their perceptions of everyday layer of reality of which humans are usually unaware
events, to discover the embedded meanings. This is implicate, or enfolded order. In the Theory of Bureau-
particularly important during organizational change. cratic Caring, Ray compares the health care structures of
Complexity is a broader concept than chaos and fo- political, legal, economic, educational, physiological,
cuses on wholeness or holonomy. Complex systems, social-cultural, and technological with the explicate
such as organizations, have many agents that interact order and spiritual-ethical caring with the implicate
with each other in multiple ways. As a result, these order. An example might be a case manager’s decisions
systems are dynamic and always changing. Systems about obtaining resources for a client’s care in the home.
behave in nonlinear fashion because they do not react At first, explicate structures such as the legal managed
proportionately to inputs. For example, a simple in- care contract or the physical needs of the client might
tervention such as asking a colleague for help may be appear to provide enough information. However,
accommodated easily or may be seen as unreasonable through the case manager’s caring relationship with the
on a busy day, making the behavior of complex sys- client, implicate issues may emerge, such as the client’s
tems impossible to predict (Davidson, Ray, & Turkel, values and desires. In truth, nursing situations involve an
2011; Vicenzi, White, & Begun, 1997). Nevertheless, endless enfolding and unfolding of information that
chaos exists only because the entire system is holistic. may be viewed as explicate and implicate order, and
Briggs and Peat (1999, pp. 156-157) describe this important to consider in the decision-making process.
“chaotic wholeness” as “full of particulars, active and Making things work in a health care organizational
interactive, animated by nonlinear feedback and ca- system requires knowledge and understanding of
pable of producing everything from self-organized bureaucracy, which is rigid, and the complexity of
systems to fractal self-similarity to unpredictable cha- change. Bureaucracy and complexity may seem like the
otic disorder.” Their ideas influenced Ray’s ongoing antithesis of each other, but, in reality, the structure of
development of bureaucratic caring theory, which bureaucracy (illuminating the political, economic,
suggests that multiple system inputs are intercon- legal, and technological systems in organizations)
nected with caring in the organizational culture works in conjunction with the complex relational
(Davidson, Ray, & Turkel, 2011; Ray, Turkel, & Cohn, process of networks to co-create patterns of human
2011). Ray’s idea of the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring behavior and patterns of caring. Both bureaucracy and
as holographic was influenced by the revolution complexity influence the ways in which diverse par-
taking place in science based on the holographic ticipants describe and intuitively live out their life